{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T21:49:16Z","timestamp":1788212956597,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1590537600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The recently identified pathogenic Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3) may threaten to reduce the pig population dramatically worldwide. In our previous study, a PCV3-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb-1H11) was successfully applied in immune-histochemistry staining and ELISA, which specifically recognize PCV3 capsid protein in PCV3-positive pig tissues. In the present study, we expressed and purified the soluble sole capsid protein of PCV3. The purified capsid protein was capable of self-assembly into virus-like-particles (VLPs), which is validated by transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering assays. Moreover, the epitope of mAb-1H11 was identified in the CD-loop region (a.a. 72-79) on the VLP surface, which is confirmed by PCV2-PCV3 epitope swapping assay. For the first time, we determined the cryo-EM structure of PCV3-VLP at 8.5 \u00c5 resolution that reveals the detailed structural information of PCV3-VLP. In our cryo-EM structure, PCV3-VLP is composed of 60 capsid protein subunits assembled with T = 1 icosahedral symmetry. Consistent to our bio-dot Western blot assay, the structural comparison between PCV3 and PCV2 revealed significant structural differences in the surface-exposed loops, including the CD-loop (a.a. 72-79) and the EF-loop (a.a. 109-131). Our work provides a structural framework for engineering future PCV3 vaccine and diagnosis kits development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20201109","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,27]],"date-time":"2020-05-27T10:50:51Z","timestamp":1590576651000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Structural insight into the type-specific epitope of porcine circovirus type 3"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Mingfang","family":"Bi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Road Cuiwei, High-Tech District, Luoyang 471003, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weifeng","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kegong","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Road Cuiwei, High-Tech District, Luoyang 471003, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9580-6178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaobing","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"},{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences and Centre for Bioimaging Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111620145747800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01879","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01879-16","article-title":"A Novel Porcine Circovirus Distantly Related to Known Circoviruses Is Associated with Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome and Reproductive Failure","volume":"91","author":"Palinski","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13446","article-title":"Novel circovirus species identified in farmed pigs designated as Porcine circovirus 4, Hunan province, China","volume":"67","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e296","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12752","article-title":"Insights into the epidemic characteristics and evolutionary history of the novel porcine circovirus type 3 in southern China","volume":"65","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2018.19.5.721","article-title":"Detection and genetic characterization of porcine circovirus 3 from aborted fetuses and pigs with respiratory disease in Korea","volume":"19","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Vet Sci."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12714","article-title":"Detection and genetic characterization of Porcine circovirus type 3 in Italy","volume":"64","author":"Faccini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12672","article-title":"First detection of porcine circovirus type 3 on commercial pig farms in Poland","volume":"64","author":"Stadejek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12735","article-title":"Full-Genome Sequence of Porcine Circovirus type 3 recovered from serum of sows with stillbirths in Brazil","volume":"65","author":"Tochetto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2017.06.013","article-title":"Prevalence of novel porcine circovirus 3 in Korean pig populations","volume":"207","author":"Kwon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1186\/s12985-016-0642-z","article-title":"Detection of a novel circovirus PCV3 in pigs with cardiac and multi-systemic inflammation","volume":"13","author":"Phan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12672","article-title":"First detection of porcine circovirus type 3 on commercial pig farms in Poland","volume":"64","author":"Stadejek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12667","article-title":"The occurrence of porcine circovirus 3 without clinical infection signs in Shandong Province","volume":"64","author":"Zheng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.j5741","article-title":"Porcine circovirus type 3: a threat to the pig industry?","volume":"181","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02045","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02045-18","article-title":"Induction of Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome in Piglets by Infection with Porcine Circovirus Type 3","volume":"93","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12702","article-title":"Detection and genome sequencing of porcine circovirus 3 in neonatal pigs with congenital tremors in South China","volume":"64","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12920","article-title":"Detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 3 in central China","volume":"65","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-018-1553-4","article-title":"Detection and genetic characterisation of porcine circovirus 3 from pigs in Sweden","volume":"54","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1007\/s11262-018-1582-z","article-title":"First detection and full genome sequence of porcine circovirus type 3 in Russia","volume":"54","author":"Yuzhakov","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Genes"},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-017-3607-7","article-title":"Establishment and application of an indirect ELISA for porcine circovirus 3","volume":"163","author":"Deng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281\/a000381","article-title":"Efficacy of simultaneous vaccination with Enterisol(R) Ileitis and Ingelvac(R) CircoFLEXTM in a Swiss breeding farm","volume":"154","author":"Weibel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0157-4","article-title":"PCV2 vaccination induces IFN-gamma\/TNF-alpha co-producing T cells with a potential role in protection","volume":"46","author":"Koinig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-016-0037-y","article-title":"Vaccination of piglets at 2 and 3 weeks of age with Ingelvac PRRSFLEX(R) EU provides protection against heterologous field challenge in the face of homologous maternally derived antibodies","volume":"2","author":"Balka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Porcine Health Manag."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2281","DOI":"10.1099\/0022-1317-81-9-2281","article-title":"Open reading frame 2 of porcine circovirus type 2 encodes a major capsid protein","volume":"81","author":"Nawagitgul","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-166","article-title":"Self-assembly of virus-like particles of porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein expressed from Escherichia coli","volume":"7","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7856","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00737-11","article-title":"The 2.3-angstrom structure of porcine circovirus 2","volume":"85","author":"Khayat","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.str.2015.12.006","article-title":"2.9 A Resolution Cryo-EM 3D Reconstruction of Close-Packed Virus Particles","volume":"24","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007562","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007562","article-title":"Structural roles of PCV2 capsid protein N-terminus in PCV2 particle assembly and identification of PCV2 type-specific neutralizing epitope","volume":"15","author":"Mo","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02222","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02222-18","article-title":"Porcine Circovirus 2 Uses a Multitude of Weak Binding Sites To Interact with Heparan Sulfate, and the Interactions Do Not Follow the Symmetry of the Capsid","volume":"93","author":"Dhindwal","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2019.09.001","article-title":"Structural characterization of the PCV2d virus-like particle at 3.3A resolution reveals differences to PCV2a and PCV2b capsids, a tetranucleotide, and an N-terminus near the icosahedral 3-fold axes","volume":"537","author":"Khayat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jviromet.2018.07.014","article-title":"Production of a monoclonal antibody against Porcine circovirus type 3 cap protein","volume":"261","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Virol. Methods"},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1107\/S0907444909052925","article-title":"PHENIX: a comprehensive Python-based system for macromolecular structure solution","volume":"66","author":"Adams","year":"2010","journal-title":"Acta. Crystallogr. D. Biol. Crystallogr."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky465","article-title":"Structural insights into Drosophila-C3PO complex assembly and \u2018Dynamic Side Port\u2019 model in substrate entry and release","volume":"46","author":"Mo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2727","article-title":"Quantifying the local resolution of cryo-EM density maps","volume":"11","author":"Kucukelbir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2016.02.025","article-title":"Production of Escherichia coli-based virus-like particle vaccine against porcine circovirus type 2 challenge in piglets: Structure characterization and protective efficacy validation","volume":"223","author":"Xi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2011.09.041","article-title":"Efficacy and future prospects of commercially available and experimental vaccines against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)","volume":"164","author":"Beach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3192","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11173-1","article-title":"Structural and functional analyses of hepatitis B virus X protein BH3-like domain and Bcl-xL interaction","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317725","article-title":"A unique B cell epitope-based particulate vaccine shows effective suppression of hepatitis B surface antigen in mice","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-11-188","article-title":"Identification of one critical amino acid that determines a conformational neutralizing epitope in the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2","volume":"11","author":"Huang","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.12639","article-title":"Genome characterization of a porcine circovirus type 3 in South China","volume":"65","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transbound Emerg. Dis."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-8-341","article-title":"Functional exchangeability of the nuclear localization signal (NLS) of capsid protein between PCV1 and PCV2 in vitro: Implications for the role of NLS in viral replication","volume":"8","author":"Shuai","year":"2011","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-011-0920-4","article-title":"The nuclear localization signal sequence of porcine circovirus type 2 ORF2 enhances intracellular delivery of plasmid DNA","volume":"156","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Virol."},{"key":"2021111620145747800_B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15221","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.004823","article-title":"Highly efficient cellular uptake of a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) derived from the capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2","volume":"293","author":"Yu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."}],"container-title":["Bioscience Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/bioscirep\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1042\/BSR20201109\/884246\/bsr-2020-1109.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/bioscirep\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1042\/BSR20201109\/884246\/bsr-2020-1109.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,16]],"date-time":"2021-11-16T20:48:52Z","timestamp":1637095732000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/bioscirep\/article\/40\/6\/BSR20201109\/225017\/Structural-insight-into-the-type-specific-epitope"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bsr20201109","relation":{},"ISSN":["0144-8463","1573-4935"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-8463","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-4935","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"article-number":"BSR20201109"}}