{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T15:49:59Z","timestamp":1790437799875,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Objective: In some individuals, coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leads to a variety of serious inflammatory symptoms, including blood clotting and acute respiratory distress. Death due to COVID-19 shows a steep rise in relation to age. Comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, and cardiovascular disease also increase susceptibility. It has been reported that T-cell regulatory dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4; cluster of differentiation 26 (CD26)) binds to the external spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 as a receptor, for the viral entry into the host cell. CD26 is expressed on many cells, including T and natural killer (NK) cells of the immune system, as a membrane-anchored form. A soluble form (sCD26) is also found in the blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).<\/jats:p><jats:p>Approach and results: To investigate a possible relationship between sCD26 levels, age and pathology, serum samples were collected from control, T2DM and age-related dementia (ARD) subjects. A significant reduction in serum sCD26 levels was seen in relation to age. ARD and T2DM were also associated with lower levels of sCD26. The analysis of blood smears revealed different cellular morphologies: in controls, CD26 was expressed around the neutrophil membrane, whereas in T2DM, excessive sCD26 was found around the mononucleated cells (MNCs). ARD subjects had abnormal fragmented platelets and haemolysis due to low levels of sCD26.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Conclusions: These findings may help to explain the heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. High serum sCD26 levels could protect from viral infection by competively inhibiting the virus binding to cellular CD26, whereas low sCD26 levels could increase the risk of infection. If so measuring serum sCD26 level may help to identify individuals at high risk for the COVID-19 infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20203092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,18]],"date-time":"2020-11-18T12:11:22Z","timestamp":1605701482000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Investigation of CD26, a potential SARS-CoV-2 receptor, as a biomarker of age and pathology"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Animesh\u00a0Alexander","family":"Raha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K."},{"name":"CamKolInv, Cambridge Kolkata Innovation and Therapeutic Limited, Cambridge, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Subhojit","family":"Chakraborty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K."},{"name":"CamKolInv, Cambridge Kolkata Innovation and Therapeutic Limited, Cambridge, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Henderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeta","family":"Mukaetova-Ladinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahid","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Cambridge, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Trowsdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6660-1659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruma","family":"Raha-Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, U.K."},{"name":"CamKolInv, Cambridge Kolkata Innovation and Therapeutic Limited, Cambridge, U.K."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Cambridge Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Group, Cambridge, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111620334437700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002032","article-title":"Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China","volume":"382","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30183-5","article-title":"Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China","volume":"395","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1085952","article-title":"Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"300","author":"Rota","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2012-7","article-title":"A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin","volume":"579","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22808","article-title":"COVID 19 and the patient with obesity - the editors speak out","volume":"28","author":"Ryan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.01227-2020","article-title":"Cardiovascular comorbidity and its impact on patients with COVID-19","volume":"55","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e3319","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3319","article-title":"Diabetes is a risk factor for the progression and prognosis of COVID-19","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.5394","article-title":"Baseline characteristics and outcomes of 1591 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 admitted to ICUs of the Lombardy Region, Italy","volume":"323","author":"Grasselli","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1864","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1116480","article-title":"Structure of SARS coronavirus spike receptor-binding domain complexed with receptor","volume":"309","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2013.92","article-title":"Structure of MERS-CoV spike receptor-binding domain complexed with human receptor DPP4","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1739565","article-title":"Emerging WuHan (COVID-19) coronavirus: glycan shield and structure prediction of spike glycoprotein and its interaction with human CD26","volume":"9","author":"Vankadari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.1111\/all.14429","article-title":"Distribution of ACE2, CD147, CD26, and other SARS-CoV-2 associated molecules in tissues and immune cells in health and in asthma, COPD, obesity, hypertension, and COVID-19 risk factors","volume":"75","author":"Radzikowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271.e8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12005","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC","volume":"495","author":"Raj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5608","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01634.x","article-title":"Molecular characterization of dipeptidyl peptidase activity in serum: soluble CD26\/dipeptidyl peptidase IV is responsible for the release of X-Pro dipeptides","volume":"267","author":"Durinx","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-46826-3_7","article-title":"Natural substrates of dipeptidyl peptidase IV","volume":"477","author":"De Meester","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1080\/713609354","article-title":"Dipeptidyl-peptidase IV from bench to bedside: an update on structural properties, functions, and clinical aspects of the enzyme DPP IV","volume":"40","author":"Lambeir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.2001.00984.x","article-title":"CD26: a multifunctional integral membrane and secreted protein of activated lymphocytes","volume":"54","author":"Gorrell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2016.10.005","article-title":"A recombinant receptor-binding domain of MERS-CoV in trimeric form protects human dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (hDPP4) transgenic mice from MERS-CoV infection","volume":"499","author":"Tai","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.2.481","article-title":"Cloning and functional expression of the T cell activation antigen CD26","volume":"149","author":"Tanaka","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.04.008","article-title":"Saxagliptin: a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor ameliorates streptozotocin induced Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"72","author":"Kosaraju","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00080","article-title":"Physiology and pharmacology of DPP-4 in glucose homeostasis and the treatment of Type 2 diabetes","volume":"10","author":"Deacon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.3MR0915-401R","article-title":"CD26\/dipeptidylpeptidase IV-chemokine interactions: double-edged regulation of inflammation and tumor biology","volume":"99","author":"Mortier","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jagp.2020.04.010","article-title":"Anticipating and mitigating the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related dementias","volume":"28","author":"Brown","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2020.117013","article-title":"Correlations between COVID-19 and burden of dementia: an ecological study and review of literature","volume":"416","author":"Azarpazhooh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/2051-5960-1-55","article-title":"The systemic iron-regulatory proteins hepcidin and ferroportin are reduced in the brain in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1","author":"Raha","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol. Commun."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170814","article-title":"Erythromyeloid-derived TREM2: a major determinant of Alzheimer\u2019s disease pathology in Down syndrome","volume":"61","author":"Raha-Chowdhury","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12868-015-0161-7","article-title":"Expression and cellular localization of hepcidin mRNA and protein in normal rat brain","volume":"16","author":"Raha-Chowdhury","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Neurosci."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2518","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8907","article-title":"Postmortem examination of patients with COVID-19","volume":"323","author":"Schaller","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0331-4","article-title":"Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages","volume":"20","author":"Merad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B33","first-page":"383","article-title":"COVID-19, coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 and the small bowel","volume":"112","author":"Monkemuller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Enferm. Dig."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80425-6","article-title":"A novel duodenal iron-regulated transporter, IREG1, implicated in the basolateral transfer of iron to the circulation","volume":"5","author":"McKie","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1006\/bcmd.2002.0587","article-title":"Mechanisms of iron mediated regulation of the duodenal iron transporters divalent metal transporter 1 and ferroportin 1","volume":"29","author":"Zoller","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1989","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14578","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of sepsis-induced coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation","volume":"17","author":"Iba","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14817","article-title":"Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1111\/jth.14768","article-title":"Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-020-00213-0","article-title":"Severe COVID-19 and aging: are monocytes the key?","volume":"42","author":"Pence","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25678","article-title":"Outbreak of pneumonia of unknown etiology in Wuhan, China: the mystery and the miracle","volume":"92","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1211721","article-title":"Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia","volume":"367","author":"Zaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5490","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.8.5490","article-title":"T cell responses to whole SARS coronavirus in humans","volume":"181","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-017-0629-x","article-title":"Pathogenic human coronavirus infections: causes and consequences of cytokine storm and immunopathology","volume":"39","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin. Immunopathol."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8692","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00527-07","article-title":"Interferon-mediated immunopathological events are associated with atypical innate and adaptive immune responses in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"81","author":"Cameron","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1102577","article-title":"Expression and function of chemokines during viral infections: from molecular mechanisms to in vivo function","volume":"74","author":"Melchjorsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.015","article-title":"Targets of T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus in humans with COVID-19 disease and unexposed individuals","volume":"181","author":"Grifoni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201203-0508OC","article-title":"CXCL10-CXCR3 enhances the development of neutrophil-mediated fulminant lung injury of viral and nonviral origin","volume":"187","author":"Ichikawa","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.04.007","article-title":"Putative conformations of the receptor-binding domain in S protein of hCoV-EMC in complex with its receptor dipeptidyl peptidase-4","volume":"67","author":"Jiang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.03.044","article-title":"Single cell RNA sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of human coronaviruses","volume":"526","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20200163","article-title":"Soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2: a potential approach for coronavirus infection therapy?","volume":"134","author":"Batlle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond.)"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-020-05985-9","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13892","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02448-13","article-title":"Inhibition of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection by anti-CD26 monoclonal antibody","volume":"87","author":"Ohnuma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13163","article-title":"Lymphocytes are a major source of circulating soluble dipeptidyl peptidase 4","volume":"194","author":"Casrouge","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00054-07","article-title":"Distribution of dipeptidyl peptidase IV in patients with chronic tonsillitis","volume":"15","author":"Stankovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B55","first-page":"576","article-title":"Pathological changes of the spleen in ten patients with coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) by postmortem needle autopsy","volume":"49","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s002510000192","article-title":"Expression and cellular localization of the protein encoded by the 1C7 gene: a recently described component of the MHC","volume":"51","author":"Sivakamasundari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunogenetics"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2010.11.006","article-title":"Effect of divalent cations on the porcine kidney cortex membrane-bound form of dipeptidyl peptidase IV","volume":"43","author":"Pascual","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.06.033","article-title":"Hyperferritinemia in critically ill COVID-19 patients - Is ferritin the product of inflammation or a pathogenic mediator?","volume":"509","author":"Gomez-Pastora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/s13062-020-00275-2","article-title":"COVID-19 and iron dysregulation: distant sequence similarity between hepcidin and the novel coronavirus spike glycoprotein","volume":"15","author":"Ehsani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biol. Direct"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.4081\/cp.2020.1271","article-title":"COVID-19: hemoglobin, iron, and hypoxia beyond inflammation. A narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Cavezzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Pract."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12972","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-31095-0","article-title":"The Hepcidin\/Ferroportin axis modulates proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells","volume":"8","author":"Ramakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2012.01971.x","article-title":"Neuroprotective and neurotrophic actions of glucagon-like peptide-1: an emerging opportunity to treat neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disorders","volume":"166","author":"Salcedo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05733.x","article-title":"Platelet-leukocyte interactions link inflammatory and thromboembolic events in ischemic stroke","volume":"1207","author":"Franks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2020007252","article-title":"Platelet activation and platelet-monocyte aggregate formation trigger tissue factor expression in patients with severe COVID-19","volume":"136","author":"Hottz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fty087","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/fty087","article-title":"Protective vascular coagulation in response to bacterial infection of the kidney is regulated by bacterial lipid A and host CD147","volume":"76","author":"Schulz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathog. Dis."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E736","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00124.2020","article-title":"COVID-19 pandemic, coronaviruses, and diabetes mellitus","volume":"318","author":"Muniyappa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.12.010","article-title":"The effects of sitagliptin, a DPP-4 inhibitor, on cognitive functions in elderly diabetic patients with or without Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"123","author":"Isik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-181179","article-title":"Choroid plexus acts as gatekeeper for TREM2, abnormal accumulation of ApoE, and fibrillary tau in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and in Down syndrome dementia","volume":"69","author":"Raha-Chowdhury","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)42839-6","article-title":"Characterization of calcium binding to brain spectrin","volume":"267","author":"Wallis","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4002","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.13.4002","article-title":"Erythroid spectrin, brain fodrin, and intestinal brush border proteins (TW-260\/240) are related molecules containing a common calmodulin-binding subunit bound to a variant cell type-specific subunit","volume":"79","author":"Glenney","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1002\/ams2.411","article-title":"Diagnosis of sepsis-induced disseminated intravascular coagulation and coagulopathy","volume":"6","author":"Iba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acute Med. Surg."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-160663","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of TREM-2 in aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease model","volume":"55","author":"Raha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Alzheimers Dis."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02867545","article-title":"Immunobiology of trophoblast cells","volume":"15","author":"Das","year":"2000","journal-title":"Indian J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"2021111620334437700_B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-7-343","article-title":"CD26\/dipeptidyl peptidase IV (CD26\/DPPIV) is highly expressed in peripheral blood of HIV-1 exposed uninfected female sex workers","volume":"7","author":"Songok","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virol. J."}],"container-title":["Bioscience Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/bioscirep\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1042\/BSR20203092\/898006\/bsr-2020-3092.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/bioscirep\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1042\/BSR20203092\/898006\/bsr-2020-3092.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T16:01:55Z","timestamp":1697126515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/bioscirep\/article\/40\/12\/BSR20203092\/226987\/Investigation-of-CD26-a-potential-SARS-CoV-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bsr20203092","relation":{},"ISSN":["0144-8463","1573-4935"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-8463","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-4935","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"article-number":"BSR20203092"}}