{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T18:21:27Z","timestamp":1769019687261,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>ORF7a is an accessory protein common to SARS-CoV1 and the recently discovered SARS-CoV2, which is causing the COVID-19 pandemic. The ORF7a protein has a structural homology with ICAM-1 which binds to the T lymphocyte integrin receptor LFA-1. As COVID-19 has a strong immune component as part of the disease, we sought to determine whether SARS-CoV2 would have a similar structural interaction with LFA-1. Using molecular docking simulations, we found that SARS-CoV2 ORF7a has the key structural determinants required to bind LFA-1 but also the related leukocyte integrin Mac-1, which is also known to be expressed by macrophages. Our study shows that SARS-CoV2 ORF7a protein has a conserved Ig immunoglobulin-like fold containing an integrin binding site that provides a mechanistic hypothesis for SARS-CoV2\u2019s interaction with the human immune system. This suggests that experimental investigation of ORF7a-mediated effects on immune cells such as T lymphocytes and macrophages (leukocytes) could help understand the disease further and develop effective treatments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20203837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T13:44:11Z","timestamp":1607694251000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Structural assessment of SARS-CoV2 accessory protein ORF7a predicts LFA-1 and Mac-1 binding potential"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5552-3656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zubair Ahmed","family":"Nizamudeen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma-Ruoqi","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivin","family":"Karthik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Halawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kenton P.","family":"Arkill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Jackson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4850-2360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David O.","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jonas","family":"Emsley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111620354848800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"271.e278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.052","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor","volume":"181","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021111620354848800_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2180-5","article-title":"Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor","volume":"581","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111620354848800_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1444","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb2762","article-title":"Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2","volume":"367","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021111620354848800_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1007\/s11373-005-9043-9","article-title":"Solution structure of the X4 protein coded by the SARS related coronavirus reveals an immunoglobulin like fold and suggests a binding activity to integrin I domains","volume":"13","author":"H\u00e4nel","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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