{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:48:13Z","timestamp":1791726493260,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631577600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the global pandemic of the Coronavirus disease in late 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccine development efforts have predominantly been aimed at 'Extra-viral' Spike (S) protein as vaccine vehicles, but there are concerns regarding \u2018viral immune escape\u2019 since multiple mutations may enable the mutated virus strains to escape from immunity against S protein. The \u2018Intra-viral\u2019 Nucleocapsid (N-protein) is relatively conserved among mutant strains of coronaviruses during spread and evolution. Herein, we demonstrate novel vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 by using the whole conserved N-protein or its fragment\/peptides. Using ELISA assay, we showed that high titers of specific anti-N antibodies (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgM) were maintained for a reasonably long duration (&amp;gt; 5 months), suggesting that N-protein is an excellent immunogen to stimulate host immune system and robust B-cell activation. We synthesized three peptides located at the conserved regions of N-protein among CoVs. One peptide showed as a good immunogen for vaccination as well. Cytokine arrays on post-vaccination mouse sera showed progressive up-regulation of various cytokines such as IFN-\u03b3 and CCL5, suggesting that TH1 associated responses are also stimulated. Furthermore, vaccinated mice exhibited an elevated memory T cells population. Here, we propose an unconventional vaccine strategy targeting the conserved N-protein as an alternative vaccine target for coronaviruses. Moreover, we generated a mouse monoclonal antibody specifically against an epitope shared between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and we are currently developing the First-in-Class humanized anti-N-protein antibody to potentially treat patients infected by various CoVs in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20211491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,14]],"date-time":"2021-09-14T09:40:01Z","timestamp":1631612401000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Targeting intra-viral conserved nucleocapsid (N) proteins as novel vaccines against SARS-CoVs"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Min","family":"Thura","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel\u00a0Xuan\u00a0En","family":"Sng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0321-1992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koon\u00a0Hwee","family":"Ang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhishek","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy\u00a0Ming","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore 308232"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng\u00a0William","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8940-0275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260"},{"name":"INTRA-ImmuSG Private Limited, Singapore 079903"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111620530277900_B1","article-title":"WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard"},{"key":"2021111620530277900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11040579","article-title":"Discussing the reliability and efficiency of COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"11","author":"Doroftei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"2021111620530277900_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00480-0","article-title":"Viral targets for vaccines against COVID-19","volume":"21","author":"Dai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. 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