{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T04:52:34Z","timestamp":1786683154739,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>The lifetime risk for Type 2 diabetes mellitus remains higher in people with spinal cord injuries (SCIs) than in the able-bodied population. However, the mechanisms driving this disparity remain poorly understood. The goal of the present study was to evaluate the impact of a palatable high-fat diet (HFD) on glycemic regulation using a rodent model of moderate thoracic contusion. Animals were placed on either Chow or HFD and tolerance to glucose, insulin, and ENSURE mixed meal were investigated. Important targets in the gut\u2013brain axis were investigated.<\/jats:p>\n               <jats:p>HFD consumption equally induced weight gain in SCI and na\u00efve rats over chow (CH) rats. Elevated blood glucose was observed during intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test in HFD-fed rats over CH-fed rats. Insulin tolerance test (ITT) was unremarkable among the three groups. Gavage of ENSURE resulted in high glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) release from SCI rats over na\u00efve controls. An elevation in terminal total GLP-1 was measured, with a marked reduction in circulating dipeptidyl peptidase 4, the GLP-1 cleaving enzyme, in SCI rats, compared with na\u00efve. Increased glucagon mRNA in the pancreas and reduced immunoreactive glucagon-positive staining in the pancreas in SCI rats compared with controls suggested increased glucagon turnover. Finally, GLP-1 receptor gene expression in the ileum, the primary source of GLP-1 production and release, in SCI rats suggests the responsivity of the gut to altered circulating GLP-1 in the body. In conclusion, the actions of GLP-1 and its preprohormone, glucagon, are markedly uncoupled from their actions on glucose control in the SCI rat. More work is required to understand GLP-1 in the human.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20221699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,6]],"date-time":"2022-12-06T09:25:39Z","timestamp":1670318739000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Altered chronic glycemic control in a clinically relevant model of rat thoracic spinal contusion"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Kwamie\u00a0K.","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley\u00a0A.","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allie\u00a0M.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yilianys","family":"Pride","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1281-1682","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bernadette\u00a0E.","family":"Grayson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A."},{"name":"2Department of Anesthesiology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A."},{"name":"3Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022122308295634400_B1","article-title":"National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States","author":"CDC","year":"2020","journal-title":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Dept of Health and Human Services"},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B2","article-title":"Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017\u20132018","year":"2020"},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.11.019","article-title":"Lifetime prevalence of chronic health conditions among persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"96","author":"Saunders","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.12.011","article-title":"Spinal cord injury increases the risk of Type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spine J."},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2006.11753887","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus in individuals with spinal cord injury or disorder","volume":"29","author":"Lavela","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Spinal Cord Med."},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21194","article-title":"Visceral adiposity in persons with chronic spinal cord injury determined by dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry","volume":"23","author":"Cirnigliaro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(94)90126-0","article-title":"Disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in veterans with paraplegia or quadriplegia: a model of premature aging","volume":"43","author":"Bauman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101652","article-title":"Intramuscular fat and glucose tolerance after spinal cord injury \u2013 a cross-sectional study","volume":"42","author":"Elder","year":"2004","journal-title":"Spinal Cord"},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B9","first-page":"107","article-title":"Glucose intolerance in spinal cord injury","volume":"64","author":"Duckworth","year":"1983","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1089\/08977150360547099","article-title":"Experimental modeling of spinal cord injury: characterization of a force-defined injury device","volume":"20","author":"Scheff","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14207","article-title":"Energy balance following diets of varying fat content: metabolic dysregulation in a rodent model of spinal cord contusion","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00078.2017","article-title":"Chronic spinal cord changes in a high-fat diet fed male rat model of thoracic spinal contusion","volume":"49","author":"Spann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol. Genomics"},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.1","article-title":"A sensitive and reliable locomotor rating scale for open field testing in rats","volume":"12","author":"Basso","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Neurotrauma"},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2020.577226","article-title":"Immuno-hematologic parameters following rodent spinal cord contusion are negatively influenced by high-fat diet consumption","volume":"343","author":"Person","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14207","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.14207","article-title":"Energy balance following diets of varying fat content: metabolic dysregulation in a rodent model of spinal cord contusion","volume":"7","author":"Harris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5413.128760","article-title":"Longitudinal study of body composition in spinal cord injury patients","volume":"48","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. Orthopaedics"},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R1102","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00224.2007","article-title":"Effects of chronic spinal cord injury on body weight and body composition in rats fed a standard chow diet","volume":"293","author":"Primeaux","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.08.022","article-title":"Pancreatic-islet microvascular vasomotion dysfunction in mice with spinal cord injury","volume":"685","author":"Jing","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00013.2014","article-title":"Physiology of proglucagon peptides: role of glucagon and GLP-1 in health and disease","volume":"95","author":"Sandoval","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.77","article-title":"GLP-1 and energy balance: an integrated model of short-term and long-term control","author":"Barrera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3904","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2212-10.2011","article-title":"Hyperphagia and increased fat accumulation in two models of chronic CNS glucagon-like peptide-1 loss of function","volume":"31","author":"Barrera","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-5491.2000.00367.x","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and leptin concentrations in obese patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"17","author":"Mannucci","year":"2000","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.38.6.916","article-title":"Attenuated GLP-1 secretion in obesity: cause or consequence?","volume":"38","author":"Ranganath","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-9781(02)00087-6","article-title":"Plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) responses to duodenal fat and glucose infusions in lean and obese men","volume":"23","author":"Feinle","year":"2002","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2012.07.029","article-title":"Pancreatic \u03b2 cell dedifferentiation as a mechanism of diabetic \u03b2 cell failure","volume":"150","author":"Talchai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12727","article-title":"Pancreatic \u03b2-cell identity in diabetes","volume":"18","author":"Remedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-013-2957-2","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist treatment reduces beta cell mass in normoglycaemic mice","volume":"56","author":"Ellenbroek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2020.170445","article-title":"GK-rats respond to gastric bypass surgery with improved glycemia despite unaffected insulin secretion and beta cell mass","volume":"136","author":"Miskelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2206","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2168-7","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibition increases portal concentrations of intact glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) to a greater extent than peripheral concentrations in anaesthetised pigs","volume":"54","author":"Hj\u00f8llund","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"2022122308295634400_B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105628","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2021.105628","article-title":"Accentuated early postprandial satiety in people with spinal cord injury versus able-bodied controls","volume":"167","author":"Fenton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appetite"}],"container-title":["Bioscience Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/bioscirep\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1042\/BSR20221699\/941478\/bsr-2022-1699.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/bioscirep\/article-pdf\/doi\/10.1042\/BSR20221699\/941478\/bsr-2022-1699.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T08:30:25Z","timestamp":1671784225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/bioscirep\/article\/43\/1\/BSR20221699\/232203\/Altered-chronic-glycemic-control-in-a-clinically"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bsr20221699","relation":{},"ISSN":["0144-8463","1573-4935"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0144-8463","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-4935","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"article-number":"BSR20221699"}}