{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T15:53:36Z","timestamp":1784908416228,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,29]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection can lead to extensive lung infiltrate, a significant increase in the respiratory rate, and respiratory failure, which can affect the acid\u2013base balance. No research in the Middle East has previously examined acid\u2013base imbalance in COVID-19 patients. The present study aimed to describe the acid\u2013base imbalance in hospitalized COVID-19 patients, determine its causes, and assess its impact on mortality in a Jordanian hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The study divided patients into 11 groups based on arterial blood gas data. Patients in normal group were defined as having a pH of 7.35\u20137.45, PaCO2 of 35\u201345 mmHg, and HCO3\u2212 of 21\u201327 mEq\/L. Other patients were divided into 10 additional groups: mixed acidosis and alkalosis, respiratory and metabolic acidosis with or without compensation, and respiratory and metabolic alkalosis with or without compensation. This is the first study to categorize patients in this way.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The results showed that acid\u2013base imbalance was a significant risk factor for mortality (P&amp;lt;0.0001). Mixed acidosis nearly quadruples the risk of death when compared with those with normal levels (OR = 3.61, P=0.05). Furthermore, the risk of death was twice as high (OR = 2) for metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation (P=0.002), respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation (P=0.002), or respiratory acidosis with no compensation (P=0.002).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In conclusion, acid\u2013base abnormalities, particularly mixed metabolic and respiratory acidosis, were associated with increased mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Clinicians should be aware of the significance of these abnormalities and address their underlying causes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20222362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T04:52:28Z","timestamp":1678078348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Acid\u2013base imbalance as a risk factor for mortality among COVID-19 hospitalized patients"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Nosayba","family":"Al-Azzam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Basheer","family":"Khassawneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayer","family":"Al-Azzam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reema\u00a0A.","family":"Karasneh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamoon\u00a0A.","family":"Aldeyab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Pharmacy, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023031607271871700_","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2020.104327","article-title":"Recent progress and challenges in drug development against COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) - an update on the status","volume":"83","author":"Abd El-Aziz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. 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