{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T00:55:39Z","timestamp":1791939339383,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721779200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012025","name":"New York University Abu Dhabi","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["AD055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AD055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>SARS-CoV-2 was first discovered in 2019 and has disseminated throughout the globe to pandemic levels, imposing significant health and economic burdens. Although vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have been developed, their long-term efficacy and specificity have not been determined, and antiviral drugs remain necessary. Flavonoids, which are commonly found in plants, fruits, and vegetables and are part of the human diet, have attracted considerable attention as potential therapeutic agents due to their antiviral and antimicrobial activities and effects on other biological activities, such as inflammation. The present study uses a combination of biochemical, cellular, molecular dynamics, and molecular docking experiments to provide compelling evidence that the flavonoid luteolin (2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one) has antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like protease (3CLpro) that is synergistically enhanced by magnesium, zinc, and vitamin C. The IC50 of luteolin against 2 \u00b5M 3CLpro is 78 \u00b5M and decreases 10-fold to 7.6 \u00b5M in the presence of zinc, magnesium, and vitamin C. Thermodynamic stability analyses revealed that luteolin has minimal effects on the structure of 3CLpro, whereas metal ions and vitamin C significantly alter the thermodynamic stability of the protease. Interactome analysis uncovered potential host-virus interactions and functional clusters associated with luteolin activity, supporting the relevance of this flavone for combating SARS-CoV-2 infection. This comprehensive investigation sheds light on luteolin's therapeutic potential and provides insights into its mechanisms of action against SARS-CoV-2. The novel formulation of luteolin, magnesium, zinc, and vitamin C may be an effective avenue for treating COVID-19 patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20240617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,24]],"date-time":"2024-07-24T09:44:07Z","timestamp":1721814247000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Boosting immunity: synergistic antiviral effects of luteolin, vitamin C, magnesium and zinc against SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Juliana\u00a0C.","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samar","family":"Fadl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Science Division, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thyago\u00a0H.S.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2G42 Healthcare Omics Excellence Center, Masdar City, Abu Dhabi, United Arabes Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno\u00a0Silva","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3UESB - Universidade Estatudal Do Sudoeste da Bahia. 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