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Although steroid hormones, especially oestrogen, are most commonly associated with breast cancer, growth hormone (GH) also plays a substantial role in its development and spread via the activation of downstream signalling pathways and the regulation of growth factors such as insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Breast cancer patients usually have elevated levels of GH and IGF-1 in their circulation. Growth hormone receptor (GHR) signalling enhances migratory ability of tumour cells and excess IGF-1 production promotes angiogenesis. Gaining a full understanding of the mechanisms behind GH and breast cancer will allow researchers to develop more therapeutics to treat this devastating disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20253516","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T11:57:31Z","timestamp":1771329451000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The role of growth hormone in metastasis and angiogenesis of breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Tamanna","family":"Alam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, King\u2019s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5101-7198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingyang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, King\u2019s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9978-8904","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rivka\u00a0L.","family":"Isaacson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, King\u2019s College London, Britannia House, 7 Trinity Street, London, SE1 1DB, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026021706572598000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21834","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"74","author":"Bray","year":"2024","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. 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