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The present study evaluated a standardized cafeteria diet, alone or combined with low-dose streptozotocin (STZ), in male Wistar rats. Animals (n\u00a0=\u00a032) were allocated to Healthy Control, STZ (35\u00a0mg\/kg), Cafeteria Diet (CAF), and CAF\u00a0+\u00a0STZ groups. The diet contained standard chow, condensed milk, refined sugar, hydrogenated fat, soybean oil, and chocolate-filled biscuits, homogenized and thermally processed at 180\u00b0C. After 102\u00a0days, anthropometric, metabolic, inflammatory, gene expression, microbiota, and histopathological parameters were assessed. CAF induced a marked obesogenic phenotype, with increased body weight (+172.3%) and abdominal circumference (+38.7%; P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.01). CAF showed hyperglycemia (median glucose, 403\u00a0mg\/dl) and higher HOMA-IR than Healthy Control (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.01); CAF\u00a0+\u00a0STZ also showed increased HOMA-IR (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05). CAF increased IL-1\u03b2 and IL-6 (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05), triglycerides, adipocyte hypertrophy (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.01), and adipose leptin expression (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.05), while reducing muscle Slc2a4\/GLUT4 expression (P\u00a0&amp;lt;\u00a00.01). Liver, kidney, and pancreatic histopathological scores did not differ significantly. Gut microbiota showed marked compositional imbalance and low taxonomic evenness, with Firmicutes (99.83%), Ligilactobacillus (99.36%), and Lactobacillaceae (99.52%) predominating, while Enterobacteriaceae represented 0.14%. Despite no reduction in Shannon or Simpson indices, extreme Ligilactobacillus dominance indicated a restricted and uneven community. Overall, the cafeteria diet reproduced obesity-associated metabolic dysfunction, characterized by hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, inflammation, adipocyte hypertrophy, altered glucose and leptin expression, and substantial microbiota restructuring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bsr20260388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T08:57:00Z","timestamp":1791190620000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A thermally processed cafeteria diet reproducibly mimics early metabolic syndrome through obesity, insulin resistance, and inflammatory activation in Wistar rats"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5209-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susana\u00a0Barbosa","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Pharmaceutical 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