{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T20:45:35Z","timestamp":1762375535813},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There are large numbers of T-cells in the mucosa of the intestine in healthy individuals. The stimulus for their presence is the normal gut microbiota. For unknown reasons, in patients with IBD (inflammatory bowel disease), there is inappropriate and chronic activation of mucosal T-cells which leads to gut damage and severe morbidity. In one form of IBD, namely Crohn's disease, the T-cells are probably responding to the microbiota. T-cell survival in the gut wall is dependent on pro-inflammatory cytokines and antibody-mediated inhibition of one of these cytokines, TNF\u03b1 (tumour necrosis factor \u03b1), has shown efficacy in patients, thus encouraging investigations of other ways to control mucosal T-cell responses. In the present paper, we give a brief review of T-cell immunology in IBD and then discuss how two particular cytokines, namely IL-21 (interleukin 21), which is generally pro-inflammatory and important in gut T-cell survival and in maintaining Th17 cells, and TGF\u03b21 (transforming growth factor \u03b21), which is generally immunosuppressive, play opposing roles in gut inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst0391061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,26]],"date-time":"2011-07-26T12:05:03Z","timestamp":1311681903000},"page":"1061-1066","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The opposing roles of IL-21 and TGF\u03b21 in chronic inflammatory bowel disease"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Thomas\u00a0T.","family":"MacDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iona","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Immunology and Infectious Disease, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, 2 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Monteleone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome \u201cTor Vergata\u201d, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111719442190700_B1","first-page":"246","article-title":"The gut is still the biggest immune organ in the body","volume":"1","author":"MacDonald","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"2021111719442190700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06005","article-title":"Unravelling the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"448","author":"Xavier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111719442190700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1106442","article-title":"Immunity, inflammation and allergy in the gut","volume":"307","author":"MacDonald","year":"2005","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021111719442190700_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2010.87","article-title":"Key questions to guide a better understanding of host\u2013commensal microbiota interactions in intestinal inflammation","volume":"4","author":"Sartor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"2021111719442190700_B5","article-title":"New IBD genetics: common pathways with other diseases","volume-title":"Gut","author":"Lees","year":"2011"},{"key":"2021111719442190700_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03402075","article-title":"Butyrate switches the pattern of chemokine secretion by intestinal epithelial cells through histone acetylation","volume":"5","author":"Fusunyan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. 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