{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:03:45Z","timestamp":1791216225544,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Studies of rare genetic diseases frequently reveal genes that are fundamental to life, and the familial vascular disorder HHT (hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia) is no exception. The majority of HHT patients are heterozygous for mutations in either the ENG (endoglin) or the ACVRL1 (activin receptor-like kinase 1) gene. Both genes are essential for angiogenesis during development and mice that are homozygous for mutations in Eng or Acvrl1 die in mid-gestation from vascular defects. Recent development of conditional mouse models in which the Eng or Acvrl1 gene can be depleted in later life have confirmed the importance of both genes in angiogenesis and in the maintenance of a normal vasculature. Endoglin protein is a co-receptor and ACVRL1 is a signalling receptor, both of which are expressed primarily in endothelial cells to regulate TGF\u03b2 (transforming growth factor \u03b2) signalling in the cardiovasculature. The role of ACVRL1 and endoglin in TGF\u03b2 signalling during angiogenesis is now becoming clearer as interactions between these receptors and additional ligands of the TGF\u03b2 superfamily, as well as synergistic relationships with other signalling pathways, are being uncovered. The present review aims to place these recent findings into the context of a better understanding of HHT and to summarize recent evidence that confirms the importance of endoglin and ACVRL1 in maintaining normal cardiovascular health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20110664","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]],"date-time":"2011-11-21T15:56:00Z","timestamp":1321890960000},"page":"1659-1666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Angiogenesis regulation by TGF\u03b2 signalling: clues from an inherited vascular disease"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Marwa","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul D.","family":"Upton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen M.","family":"Arthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Genetic Medicine, Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111720452382900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2010.07.001","article-title":"Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia: pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"24","author":"Shovlin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"2021111720452382900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12555569","article-title":"Ultrastructure and three-dimensional organization of the telangiectases of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia","volume":"95","author":"Braverman","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. 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