{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T18:46:07Z","timestamp":1791225967700,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas and ozone-depleting molecule, continues to accumulate in the atmosphere as a product of anthropogenic activities and land-use change. Nitrogen oxides are intermediates of nitrification and denitrification and are released as terminal products under conditions such as high nitrogen load and low oxygen tension among other factors. The rapid completion and public availability of microbial genome sequences has revealed a high level of enzymatic redundancy in pathways terminating in nitrogen oxide metabolites, with few enzymes involved in returning nitrogen oxides to dinitrogen. The aerobic methanotrophic bacteria are particularly useful for discovering and analysing diverse mechanisms for nitrogen oxide production, as these microbes both nitrify (oxidize ammonia to nitrite) and denitrify (reduce nitrate\/nitrite to nitrous oxide via nitric oxide), and yet do not rely on these pathways for growth. The fact that methanotrophs have a rich inventory for nitrogen oxide metabolism is, in part, a consequence of their evolutionary relatedness to ammonia-oxidizing bacteria. Furthermore, the ability of individual methanotrophic taxa to resist toxic intermediates of nitrogen metabolism affects the relative abundance of nitrogen oxides released into the environment, the composition of their community, and the balance between nitrogen and methane cycling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20110712","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]],"date-time":"2011-11-21T15:56:00Z","timestamp":1321890960000},"page":"1826-1831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":170,"title":["Nitrifying and denitrifying pathways of methanotrophic bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Lisa Y.","family":"Stein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2E9"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin G.","family":"Klotz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Charlotte, NC 28223, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111720440869800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/472159a","article-title":"Too much of a good thing","volume":"472","author":"Sutton","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1038\/461472a","article-title":"A safe operating space for humanity","volume":"461","author":"R\u00f6ckstrom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10322","article-title":"Non-CO2 greenhouse gases and climate change","volume":"476","author":"Montzka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1179571","article-title":"Nitrous oxide: no laughing matter","volume":"326","author":"Wuebbles","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1186120","article-title":"The evolution and future of Earth's nitrogen cycle","volume":"330","author":"Canfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511976988","volume-title":"The European Nitrogen Assessment","author":"Sutton","year":"2011"},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1996.tb08200.x","article-title":"The gene encoding ammonia monooxygenase subunit A exists in three nearly identical copies in Nitrosospira sp. NpAV","volume":"139","author":"Norton","year":"1996","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett"},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2011.02340.x","article-title":"Model of the molecular basis for hydroxylamine oxidation and nitrous oxide production in methanotrophic bacteria","volume":"322","author":"Campbell","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.00970.x","article-title":"Nitrifier genomics and evolution of the nitrogen cycle","volume":"278","author":"Klotz","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2008.71","article-title":"Transcription of nitrification genes by the methane-oxidizing bacterium, Methylococcus capsulatus strain Bath","volume":"2","author":"Poret-Peterson","year":"2008","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B11","first-page":"533","article-title":"Cell biology and molecular basis of denitrification","volume":"61","author":"Zumft","year":"1997","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.2166\/9781789064742_ch5","article-title":"Heterotrophic nitrification and nitrifier denitrification","volume-title":"Nitrification","author":"Stein","year":"2011"},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1747-0765.2007.00195.x","article-title":"Various players in the nitrogen cycle: diversity and functions of the microorganisms involved in nitrification and denitrification","volume":"54","author":"Hayatsu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soil Sci. Plant Nutr."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-2229.2010.00192.x","article-title":"A novel family of functional operons encoding methane\/ammonia monooxygenase-related proteins in gammaproteobacterial methanotrophs","volume":"3","author":"Tavormina","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3150","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2008.01733.x","article-title":"Evolution of an octahaem cytochrome c protein family that is key to aerobic and anaerobic ammonia oxidation by bacteria","volume":"10","author":"Klotz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2006.01198.x","article-title":"Molecular diversity of nitrite reductase (nirK) genes in nitrifying bacteria","volume":"9","author":"Cantera","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2006.00517.x","article-title":"Phylogeny of nitrite reductase (nirK) and nitric oxide reductase (norB) genes from Nitrosospira species isolated from soil","volume":"266","author":"Garbeva","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2008.01732.x","article-title":"Environmental detection of octahaem cytochrome c hydroxylamine\/hydrazine oxidoreductase genes of aerobic and anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing bacteria","volume":"10","author":"Schmid","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2000.tb00566.x","article-title":"Molecular analysis of ammonia oxidation and denitrification in natural environments","volume":"24","author":"Bothe","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2010.02153.x","article-title":"Homologues of nitrite reductases in ammonia-oxidizing archaea: diversity and genomic context","volume":"12","author":"Bartossek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0390179","article-title":"Oxygen control of nitrogen oxide respiration, focusing on \u03b1-proteobacteria","volume":"39","author":"Shapleigh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-007-0255-4","article-title":"Role of nitrite reductase in the ammonia-oxidizing pathway of Nitrosomonas europaea","volume":"188","author":"Cantera","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2164(07)00005-6","article-title":"Metabolic aspects of aerobic obligate methanotrophy","volume":"63","author":"Trotsenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2007.01.068","article-title":"Cytochromes P460 and c\u2032-beta: a new family of high-spin\u2032 cytochromes c","volume":"581","author":"Elmore","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6497","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01144-10","article-title":"Genome sequence of the obligate methanotroph Methylosinus trichsporium strain OB3b","volume":"192","author":"Stein","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.182.5.1442-1447.2000","article-title":"Cytochrome c\u2032 from Rhodobacter capsulatus confers increased resistance to nitric oxide","volume":"182","author":"Cross","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2009.01674.x","article-title":"Ammonia co-metabolism and product inhibition vary considerably among species of methanotrophic bacteria","volume":"297","author":"Nyerges","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5648","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00747-10","article-title":"Effects of ammonium and nitrite on growth and competitive fitness of cultivated methanotrophic bacteria","volume":"76","author":"Nyerges","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.72.2.1346-1354.2006","article-title":"Differential effects of nitrogenous fertilizers on methane-consuming microbes in rice field and forest soils","volume":"72","author":"Mohanty","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2008.00497.x","article-title":"Selective stimulation of type\u00a0I methanotrophs in a rice paddy soil by urea fertilization revealed by RNA-based stable isotope probing","volume":"65","author":"Noll","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-2238-7","article-title":"Effect of nutrient and selective inhibitor amendments on methane oxidation, nitrous oxide production, and key gene presence and expression in landfill cover soils: characterization of the role of methanotrophs, nitrifiers, and denitrifiers","volume":"85","author":"Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1462-2920.2000.00106.x","article-title":"The biogeochemical controls of N2O production and emission in landfill cover soils: the role of methanotrophs in the nitrogen cycle","volume":"2","author":"Mandernack","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/35000193","article-title":"Stimulation by ammonium-based fertilizers of methane oxidation in soil around rice roots","volume":"403","author":"Bodelier","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00383979","article-title":"Suppression of methane oxidation in aerobic soil by nitrogen fertilisers, nitrification inhibitors, and urease inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Bronson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biol. Fertil. Soils"},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(96)88925-5","article-title":"Methane oxidation in soils of two long-term fertilization experiments in Germany","volume":"28","author":"H\u00fctsch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/370282a0","article-title":"Effect of increasing atmospheric methane concentration on ammonium inhibition of soil methane consumption","volume":"370","author":"King","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-6496(03)00304-0","article-title":"Nitrogen as a regulatory factor of methane oxidation in soils and sediments","volume":"47","author":"Bodelier","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"2021111720440869800_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-381294-0.00020-1","article-title":"Techniques for investigating hydroxylamine disproportionation by hydroxylamine oxidoreductases","volume":"486","author":"Pacheco","year":"2011","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."}],"container-title":["Biochemical Society Transactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article-pdf\/39\/6\/1826\/550168\/bst0391826.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article-pdf\/39\/6\/1826\/550168\/bst0391826.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,14]],"date-time":"2024-04-14T22:49:58Z","timestamp":1713134998000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article\/39\/6\/1826\/66766\/Nitrifying-and-denitrifying-pathways-of"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bst20110712","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5127","1470-8752"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5127","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-8752","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,21]]}}}