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To date, however, the challenge of producing fully differentiated photoreceptors in vitro has limited the application of this technology in studying retinal degeneration. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in stem cell technology and photoreceptor differentiation. In particular, the development of photoreceptors with rudimentary OS that can be used to understand disease mechanisms and as an important model to test potential new therapies for inherited retinal ciliopathies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20160156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,19]],"date-time":"2016-10-19T10:07:29Z","timestamp":1476871649000},"page":"1245-1251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Using induced pluripotent stem cells to understand retinal ciliopathy disease mechanisms and develop therapies"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"David A.","family":"Parfitt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Lane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Conor","family":"Ramsden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katarina","family":"Jovanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter J.","family":"Coffey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alison J.","family":"Hardcastle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Cheetham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, U.K."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111720101637000_BST-2016-0156C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.10.002","article-title":"The neuronal organization of the retina","volume":"76","author":"Masland","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021111720101637000_BST-2016-0156C2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.33.1.61","article-title":"The renewal of photoreceptor cell outer segments","volume":"33","author":"Young","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. 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