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Infection by flaviviruses elicits cellular responses including cell death via necrosis, pyroptosis (involving inflammation) or apoptosis (which avoids inflammation). Flaviviruses exploit these mechanisms and subvert them to prolong viral replication. The different effects induced by DENV, WNV, JEV and ZIKV are reviewed. Host cell surface proteoglycans (PGs) bearing glycosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharides \u2014 heparan\/chondroitin sulfate (HS\/CS) \u2014 are involved in initial flavivirus attachment and during the expression of non-structural viral proteins play a role in disease aetiology. Recent work has shown that ZIKV-infected cells are protected from cell death by exogenous heparin (a GAG structurally similar to host cell surface HS), raising the possibility of further subtle involvement of HS PGs in flavivirus disease processes. The aim of this review is to synthesize information regarding DENV, WNV, JEV and ZIKV from two areas that are usually treated separately: the response of host cells to infection by flaviviruses and the involvement of cell surface GAGs in response to those infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20170399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]],"date-time":"2018-04-20T10:05:11Z","timestamp":1524218711000},"page":"609-617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Subverting the mechanisms of cell death: flavivirus manipulation of host cell responses to infection"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Vicenzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Pagani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Ghezzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Pathogens and Biosafety Unit, Ospedale San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 60, Milan 20132, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah L.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, IIB, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy R.","family":"Rudd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, IIB, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K."},{"name":"NIBSC, Blanche Lane, South Mimms, Potters Bar, Hertfordshire EN6 3QG, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcelo A.","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04044-020, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Skidmore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04044-020, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin A.","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, IIB, University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, U.K."},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 04044-020, Brazil"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111818061551500_BST-2017-0399CC1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.2174\/138161208783413329","article-title":"Viral manipulation of cell death","volume":"14","author":"McLean","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. 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