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This low-level disease persistence suggests that despite a molecularly targeted therapeutic approach, there are BCR-ABL1-independent mechanisms exploited to sustain the survival of a small cell population of leukaemic stem cells (LSCs). In CML, LSCs display many features akin to haemopoietic stem cells, namely quiescence, self-renewal and the ability to produce mature progeny, this all occurs through intrinsic and extrinsic signals within the specialised microenvironment of the bone marrow (BM) niche. One important avenue of investigation in CML is how the disease highjacks the BM, thereby remodelling this microenvironment to create a niche, which enables LSC persistence and resistance to TKI treatment. In this review, we explore how changes in growth factor levels, in particular, the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, impact on cell behaviour, extracellular matrix deposition and bone remodelling in CML. We also discuss the challenges in targeting LSCs and the potential of dual targeting using combination therapies against BMP receptors and BCR-ABL1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20190221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]],"date-time":"2019-09-24T16:35:23Z","timestamp":1569342923000},"page":"1307-1325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Bone marrow niche crosses paths with BMPs: a road to protection and persistence in CML"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5608-2218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline","family":"Busch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, University of Glasgow, 21 Shelley Road, Glasgow, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9902-3170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Wheadon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paul O'Gorman Leukaemia Research Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, University of Glasgow, 21 Shelley Road, Glasgow, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111915545836900_BST-2019-0221CC1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1126\/science.150.3698.893","article-title":"Bone: formation by autoinduction","volume":"150","year":"1965","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021111915545836900_BST-2019-0221CC2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3051","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999-009-1068-3","article-title":"The classic: bone morphogenetic protein","volume":"467","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. 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