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In the course of atherosclerosis development, the number of ApoB-reactive T cells expands. At the same time, their phenotype changes, showing cell surface markers, transcription factors and transcriptomes resembling other T-helper lineages like Th17, Th1 and follicular helper (TFH) cells. TFH cells enter germinal centers and provide T cell help to B cells, enabling antibody isotype switch from IgM to IgG and supporting affinity maturation. In people and mice with atherosclerosis, IgG and IgM antibodies to oxLDL are detectable. Higher IgM antibody titers to oxLDL are associated with less, IgG antibodies with more atherosclerosis. Thus, both T and B cells play critical roles in atherosclerosis. Modifying the adaptive immune response to ApoB holds promise for preventing atherosclerosis and reducing disease burden.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20200602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T10:48:33Z","timestamp":1598957313000},"page":"2273-2281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Role of the adaptive immune system in atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9339-3672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Klaus","family":"Ley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Autoimmunity and Inflammation, Inflammation Biology Laboratory, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111916040113400_BST-2020-0602C1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14871","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406073101","article-title":"Distinct endothelial phenotypes evoked by arterial waveforms derived from atherosclerosis-susceptible and -resistant regions of human vasculature","volume":"101","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. 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