{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:48:40Z","timestamp":1786650520733,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]],"date-time":"2022-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1653609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The \u223c30\u2005Mb genomes of the Plasmodium parasites that cause malaria each encode \u223c5000 genes, but the functions of the majority remain unknown. This is due to a paucity of functional annotation from sequence homology, which is compounded by low genetic tractability compared with many model organisms. In recent years technical breakthroughs have made forward and reverse genome-scale screens in Plasmodium possible. Furthermore, the adaptation of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-Associated protein 9 (CRISPR\/Cas9) technology has dramatically improved gene editing efficiency at the single gene level. Here, we review the arrival of genetic screens in malaria parasites to analyse parasite gene function at a genome-scale and their impact on understanding parasite biology. CRISPR\/Cas9 screens, which have revolutionised human and model organism research, have not yet been implemented in malaria parasites due to the need for more complex CRISPR\/Cas9 gene targeting vector libraries. We therefore introduce the reader to CRISPR-based screens in the related apicomplexan Toxoplasma gondii and discuss how these approaches could be adapted to develop CRISPR\/Cas9 based genome-scale genetic screens in malaria parasites. Moreover, since more than half of Plasmodium genes are required for normal asexual blood-stage reproduction, and cannot be targeted using knockout methods, we discuss how CRISPR\/Cas9 could be used to scale up conditional gene knockdown approaches to systematically assign function to essential genes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20210281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,6]],"date-time":"2022-06-06T18:03:14Z","timestamp":1654538594000},"page":"1069-1079","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["CRISPR\/Cas9 and genetic screens in malaria parasites: small genomes, big impact"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Ishizaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Molecular Biology, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"2The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sophia","family":"Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Molecular Biology, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"2The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martina S.","family":"Paoletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Molecular Biology, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"2The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"3Instituto de Agrobiotecnolog\u00eda y Biolog\u00eda Molecular (IABIMO), INTA - CONICET, Hurlingham, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theo","family":"Sanderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Rd, London NW1 1AT, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2863-4112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellen S.C.","family":"Bushell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Molecular Biology, Ume\u00e5 University, 901 87 Ume\u00e5, Sweden"},{"name":"2The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Ume\u00e5, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022063006333988000_BST-2021-0281CC1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.14991.1","article-title":"Recent advances in the molecular epidemiology of clinical malaria","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"F1000Res."},{"key":"2022063006333988000_BST-2021-0281CC2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00115-19","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00115-19","article-title":"Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of cerebral toxoplasmosis","volume":"34","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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