{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T16:58:02Z","timestamp":1781542682386,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643068800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Neuropeptides comprise a diverse and broad group of neurotransmitters in vertebrates and invertebrates, with critical roles in neuronal signal transduction. While their role in controlling learning and memory in the brains of mammals is known, their extra-synaptic function in infection and inflammation with effects on distinct tissues and immune cells is increasingly recognized. Helminth infections especially of the central nervous system (CNS), such as neurocysticercosis, induce neuropeptide production by both host and helminth, but their role in host\u2013parasite interplay or host inflammatory response is unclear. Here, we review the neurobiology of helminths, and discuss recent studies on neuropeptide synthesis and function in the helminth as well as the host CNS and immune system. Neuropeptides are summarized according to structure and function, and we discuss the complex enzyme processing for mature neuropeptides, focusing on helminth enzymes as potential targets for novel anthelminthics. We next describe known immunomodulatory effects of mammalian neuropeptides discovered from mouse infection models and draw functional parallels with helminth neuropeptides. Last, we discuss the anti-microbial properties of neuropeptides, and how they may be involved in host\u2013microbiota changes in helminth infection. Overall, a better understanding of the biology of helminth neuropeptides, and whether they affect infection outcomes could provide diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities for helminth infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20210405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]],"date-time":"2022-01-25T15:05:31Z","timestamp":1643123131000},"page":"107-118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The interplay of helminthic neuropeptides and proteases in parasite survival and host immunomodulation"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Rimanpreet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naina","family":"Arora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1807-5161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meera G.","family":"Nair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Prasad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1209","article-title":"The nervous system and innate immunity: the neuropeptide connection","volume":"6","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"jeb151092","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.151092","article-title":"Evolution of neuropeptide signalling systems","volume":"221","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Biol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2028","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1219956110","article-title":"Molecular evolution of peptidergic signaling systems in bilaterians","volume":"110","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190456757.013.10","article-title":"Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides of invertebrates","volume":"e1276","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxford Handb. Invertebr. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(02)00331-8","article-title":"Sleep, feeding, and neuropeptides: roles of orexins and orexin receptors","volume":"12","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.neuro.24.1.429","article-title":"To eat or to sleep? Orexin in the regulation of feeding and wakefulness","volume":"24","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/S0361-9230(01)00556-1","article-title":"Evolution of vertebrate neuropeptides","volume":"55","year":"2001","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.678185","article-title":"Systemic central nervous system (CNS)-targeted delivery of neuropeptide Y (NPY) reduces neurodegeneration and increases neural precursor cell proliferation in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease","volume":"291","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1702","article-title":"Central nervous system neuropeptide Y signaling modulates VLDL triglyceride secretion","volume":"57","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e57929","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0057929","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y is produced by adipose tissue macrophages and regulates obesity-induced inflammation","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2624","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.580378","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y is an immunomodulatory factor: direct and indirect","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R285","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-18-0367","article-title":"The endocrinology of the brain","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2014.00041","article-title":"Neuropeptide GPCRs in neuroendocrinology","volume":"5","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00217","article-title":"Sequential changes in the host gut microbiota during infection with the intestinal parasitic nematode Strongyloides venezuelensis","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-183X.2012.00829.x","article-title":"SEB-3, a CRF receptor-like GPCR, regulates locomotor activity states, stress responses and ethanol tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"12","year":"2013","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7007-4-22","article-title":"Expression of mammalian GPCRs in C. elegans generates novel behavioural responses to human ligands","volume":"41","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMC Biol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05511.x","article-title":"Somatostatin and its receptors from fish to mammals","volume":"1200","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-019-0436-1","article-title":"Pharmacological and functional similarities of the human neuropeptide Y system in C. elegans challenges phylogenetic views on the FLP\/NPR system","volume":"171","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81609-8","article-title":"Natural variation in a neuropeptide Y receptor homolog modifies social behavior and food response in C. elegans","volume":"94","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1007\/s000180300029","article-title":"Neuropeptide Y: the universal soldier","volume":"60","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00337","article-title":"Unexpected multiplicity of QRFP receptors in early vertebrate evolution","volume":"8","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13907","article-title":"The Arg\u2013Phe-amide peptide 26RFa\/glutamine RF-amide peptide and its receptor: IUPHAR review 24","volume":"174","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1226201","article-title":"Oxytocin\/vasopressin-related peptides have an ancient role in reproductive behavior","volume":"338","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygcen.2011.10.011","article-title":"The oxytocin\/vasopressin receptor family has at least five members in the gnathostome lineage, inclucing two distinct V2 subtypes","volume":"175","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gen. Comp. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.2.778","article-title":"Immunosuppression in the definitive and intermediate hosts of the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni by release of immunoactive neuropeptides","volume":"15","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e06683","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.06683","article-title":"An opioid-like system regulating feeding behavior in C. elegans","volume":"2015","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/s40779-021-00343-2","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides: mechanism of action, activity and clinical potential","volume":"8","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mil. Med. Res."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2014.11.001","article-title":"Ancestral vertebrate complexity of the opioid system","volume":"97","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0709492105","article-title":"A Caenorhabditis elegans allatostatin\/galanin-like receptor NPR-9 inhibits local search behavior in response to feeding cues","volume":"105","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14237","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14237","article-title":"A tachykinin-like neuroendocrine signalling axis couples central serotonin action and nutrient sensing with peripheral lipid metabolism","volume":"81","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0429com","article-title":"A functionally atypical amidating enzyme from the human parasite Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"18","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00222332","article-title":"Immunocytochemical demonstration of neuropeptides and serotonin in the tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum","volume":"240","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007896","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1007896","article-title":"Serotonin and neuropeptides are both released by the HSN command neuron to initiate Caenorhabditis elegans egg laying","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Genet."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.08.035","article-title":"Peptide neuromodulation in invertebrate model systems","volume":"76","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.08.030185.001131","article-title":"Neuropeptide function: the invertebrate contribution","volume":"8","year":"2003","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01928163","article-title":"Comparative aspects of structure and action of molluscan neuropeptides","volume":"48","year":"1992","journal-title":"Experientia"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC37","unstructured":"Baron, S. (1996) Introduction to Parasitology. Schaechter's Mech. Microb. Dis. Fifth, Cary Engleberg, N., Terence Dermody, Victor DiRita (eds), North American Ed., pp. 496\u2013505"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1060","DOI":"10.3897\/BDJ.2.e1060","article-title":"Fauna Europaea: Helminths (Animal Parasitic)","volume":"2","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biodivers. Data J."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2535","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002535","article-title":"Tapeworm Diphyllobothrium dendriticum (Cestoda)-neglected or emerging human parasite?","volume":"7","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0188-4409(00)00253-8","article-title":"Evagination of Taenia solium cysticerci: a histologic and electron microscopy study","volume":"31","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2019.101998","article-title":"Morphological differences and molecular phylogenetic relationship of two tapeworm species, Moniezia expansa and Moniezia benedeni, collected from domestic ruminants in northern Vietnam","volume":"74","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3650-1","article-title":"Evaluation of dynamic developmental processes and the molecular basis of the high body fat percentage of different proglottid types of Moniezia expansa","volume":"12","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-9994-10-24","article-title":"Anatomy and development of the larval nervous system in Echinococcus multilocularis","volume":"10","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Zool."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2016.07.044","article-title":"Nematode nervous systems","volume":"26","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00928419","article-title":"Skin the tapeworms before you stain their nervous system! A new method for whole-mount immunocytochemistry","volume":"77","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182099005296","article-title":"The neuropeptide F (NPF) encoding gene from the cestode, Moniexia expansa","volume":"120","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1590\/S1415-475738320150013","article-title":"Evolution of flatworm central nervous systems: insights from polyclads","volume":"38","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-10-052787","article-title":"Serotonin provides an accessory signal to enhance T-cell activation by signaling through the 5-HT7 receptor","volume":"109","year":"2007","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.2307\/3283469","article-title":"The nervous systems of helminths as targets for drugs","volume":"78","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC50","first-page":"10","article-title":"The effect of anthelmintics on the serotonin content of cestodes","volume":"12","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Parazitol. (Mosk)"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2011.10.004","article-title":"Parasite neuropeptide biology: seeding rational drug target selection?","volume":"2","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/104.4.619","article-title":"Egg-laying defective mutants of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"104","year":"1983","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9265","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-23-09265.2001","article-title":"The EGL-3 proprotein convertase regulates mechanosensory responses of Caenorhabditis elegans","volume":"21","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2011.03.010","article-title":"Schistosome I\/Lamides\u2013a new family of bioactive helminth neuropeptides","volume":"41","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.03.005","article-title":"Discovery of multiple neuropeptide families in the phylum Platyhelminthes","volume":"39","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1042\/bse0380079","article-title":"Precursor convertases in the secretory pathway, cytosol and extracellular milieu","volume":"38","year":"2002","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20745","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.30.20745","article-title":"Proteolytic processing in the secretory pathway","volume":"274","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC58","first-page":"122","article-title":"Prediction of signal peptides and signal anchors by a hidden Markov model","volume":"6","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Conf. Intell Syst. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsim.2005.03.009","article-title":"In vitro and in silico analysis of signal peptides from the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni","volume":"45","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1016\/0968-0004(92)90492-R","article-title":"Signal peptidases in prokaryotes and eukaryotes - a new protease family","volume":"17","year":"1992","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(85)90081-5","article-title":"Neuropeptide biosynthesis: focus on the carboxypeptidase processing enzyme","volume":"8","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05304.x","article-title":"Evidence for the presence of a secondary structure at the dibasic processing site of prohormone: the pro-ocytocin model","volume":"11","year":"1992","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1993.tb18114.x","article-title":"Prosomatostatin processing in Neuro2A cells: role of \u03b2-turn structure in the vicinity of the Arg-Lys cleavage site","volume":"216","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000246","article-title":"Genomic-bioinformatic analysis of transcripts enriched in the third-stage larva of the parasitic nematode Ascaris suum","volume":"2","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1521-1878(200006)22:6&lt;545::AID-BIES7&gt;3.0.CO;2-F","article-title":"A look at the Caenorhabditis elegans Kex2\/Subtilisin-like proprotein convertase family","volume":"22","year":"2000","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/0742-8413(93)90004-5","article-title":"Distribution and immunochemical characteristics of neuropeptide F (NPF) (Moniezia expansa)-immunoreactivity in Proteocephalus pollanicola (Cestoda: proteocephalidea)","volume":"104","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Comp."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2002.10506802","article-title":"The NMR-derived conformation of neuropeptide F from Moniezia expansa","volume":"19","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000062648","article-title":"Neuropeptide F: a novel parasitic flatworm regulatory peptide from Moniezia expansa (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea)","volume":"102","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.12655","article-title":"Identification of putative insulin-like peptides and components of insulin signaling pathways in parasitic platyhelminths by the use of genome-wide screening","volume":"281","year":"2014","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2007.04474.x","article-title":"Impaired processing of FLP and NLP peptides in carboxypeptidase E (EGL-21)-deficient Caenorhabditis elegans as analyzed by mass spectrometry","volume":"102","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.200900195","article-title":"Parasite annexins - new molecules with potential for drug and vaccine development","volume":"32","year":"2010","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2010.05.009","article-title":"A PAL for Schistosoma mansoni PHM","volume":"173","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39880","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M405624200","article-title":"Structure and bioactivity of neuropeptide F from the human parasites Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma japonicum","volume":"279","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC74","first-page":"712687","article-title":"Urbilaterian origin and evolution of sNPF-type neuropeptide signalling","year":"2019","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/0-89603-399-6:153","article-title":"Chemical biodiversity and signaling: detailed analysis of FMRFamide-like neuropeptides and other natural products by NMR and bioinformatics","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0361","article-title":"The vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) \u03b1-helix up to C terminus interacts with the N-terminal ectodomain of the human VIP\/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide 1 receptor: photoaffinity, molecular modeling, and dynamics","volume":"22","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC77","first-page":"153","article-title":"Use of circular dichroism to determine secondary structure of neuropeptides","volume":"73","year":"1997","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7907","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)83129-5","article-title":"Characterization of amphiphilic secondary structures in neuropeptide Y through the design, synthesis, and study of model peptides","volume":"264","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.12.019","article-title":"Identification of a platyhelminth neuropeptide receptor","volume":"37","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpddr.2018.01.001","article-title":"Profiling G protein-coupled receptors of Fasciola hepatica identifies orphan rhodopsins unique to phylum Platyhelminthes","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Drugs Drug Resist."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182005008851","article-title":"Neuropeptide signalling systems in flatworms","volume":"131","year":"2005","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21092","article-title":"The hygiene hypothesis and multiple sclerosis","volume":"61","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21067","article-title":"Association between parasite infection and immune responses in multiple sclerosis","volume":"61","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7368","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.11.7368","article-title":"Neutralizing anti-IL-10 antibody blocks the protective effect of tapeworm infection in a murine model of chemically induced colitis","volume":"174","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002489","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002489","article-title":"Substance P causes seizures in neurocysticercosis","volume":"8","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1159\/000026449","article-title":"Somatostatin and substance P induced in vivo by lipopolysaccharide and in peritoneal macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or interferon-gamma have differential effects on murine cytokine production","volume":"8","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.npep.2003.09.005","article-title":"Production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, Interleukin 1-beta, Interleukin 2, and Interleukin 6 by rat leukocyte subpopulations after exposure to substance P","volume":"37","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neuropeptides"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1481.1","article-title":"Absence of the SP\/SP receptor circuitry in the substance P-precursor knockout mice or SP receptor, neurokinin (NK)1 knockout mice leads to an inhibited cytokine response in granulomas associated with murine Taenia crassiceps infection","volume":"94","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00932948","article-title":"Serotoninergic and peptidergic nerve elements in the protoscolex of Echinococcus granulosus (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea)","volume":"80","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000076356","article-title":"Immunocytochemical localization of serotonin (5-HT) in the nervous system of the hydatid organism, Echinococcus granulosus (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea)","volume":"109","year":"1994","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(94)90331-X","article-title":"Neuropeptides and interleukin-6 in human joint inflammation. Relationship between intraarticular substance P and interleukin-6 concentrations","volume":"170","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(89)90209-7","article-title":"Elevated VIP and endotoxin plasma levels in human gram-negative septic shock","volume":"24","year":"1989","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000059552","article-title":"Immunocytochemical and radioimmunometrical demonstration of serotonin- and neuropeptideimmunoreactivities in the adult rat tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta (Cestoda, Cyclophyllidea)","volume":"103","year":"1991","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2478\/helm-2018-0022","article-title":"Serotonin and neuropeptide FMRFamide in the attachment organs of trematodes","volume":"55","year":"2018","journal-title":"Helminthologia"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10676","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003878","article-title":"Serotonin signaling in Schistosoma mansoni: a serotonin-activated G protein-coupled receptor controls parasite movement","volume":"10","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1910","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02084-0","article-title":"The anthelmintic praziquantel is a human serotoninergic G-protein-coupled receptor ligand","volume":"81","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2013.03.006","article-title":"The nervous and prenervous roles of serotonin in Echinococcus spp","volume":"43","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e6578","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006267","article-title":"Unique pharmacological properties of serotoninergic G-protein coupled receptors from cestodes","volume":"12","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03543231","article-title":"Evidence of opiates and opioid neuropeptides and their immune effects in parasitic invertebrates representing three different phyla: Schistosoma mansoni, Theromyzon tessulatum, Trichinella spiralis","volume":"51","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Biol. Hung."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00046234","article-title":"Neuropeptides in free-living and parasitic flatworms (Platyhelminthes). An immunocytochemical study","volume":"132","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-004-4102-3","article-title":"Neural regulators of innate immune responses and inflammation","volume":"61","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2008.11.002","article-title":"Neuronal regulation of immune responses in the central nervous system","volume":"30","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.09.009","article-title":"Neuro-immune cross-talk in CNS diseases","volume":"158","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12544","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.21.12544","article-title":"Neuropeptides, by direct interaction with T cells, induce cytokine secretion and break the commitment to a distinct T helper phenotype","volume":"95","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-2839.1","article-title":"Human neurocysticercosis: in vivo expansion of peripheral regulatory T cells and their recruitment in the central nervous system","volume":"98","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13190","article-title":"Regulatory T-cells in helminth infection: induction, function and therapeutic potential","volume":"160","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12445","article-title":"The homeostatic role of neuropeptide Y in immune function and its impact on mood and behaviour","volume":"213","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2006.02.003","article-title":"A neuropeptide in immune-mediated inflammation, Y?","volume":"27","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.2741\/s339","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides in the brain: neuropeptides and amyloid","volume":"4","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.05.014","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of neuropeptides against a range of micro-organisms from skin, oral, respiratory and gastrointestinal tract sites","volume":"200","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.3978\/j.issn.2305-5839.2012.12.01","article-title":"The physiological roles of secretin and its receptor","volume":"1","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008066","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1008066","article-title":"Linking the effects of helminth infection, diet and the gut microbiota with human whole-blood signatures","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2015.10.001","article-title":"Can helminth infection reverse microbial dysbiosis?","volume":"31","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1186\/rr49","article-title":"Immunologists getting nervous: neuropeptides, dendritic cells and T cell activation","volume":"2","year":"2001","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"2022030117173593600_BST-2021-0405CC115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105552","article-title":"Taenia solium insulin receptors: promising candidates for cysticercosis treatment and prevention","volume":"209","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Trop."}],"container-title":["Biochemical Society Transactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article-pdf\/50\/1\/107\/930279\/bst-2021-0405c.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article-pdf\/50\/1\/107\/930279\/bst-2021-0405c.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,1]],"date-time":"2022-03-01T17:19:55Z","timestamp":1646155195000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article\/50\/1\/107\/230698\/The-interplay-of-helminthic-neuropeptides-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bst20210405","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5127","1470-8752"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5127","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-8752","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,25]]}}}