{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T21:49:04Z","timestamp":1789422544073,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mammalian females (XX) silence transcription on one of the two X chromosomes to compensate the expression dosage with males (XY). This process \u2014 named X-chromosome inactivation \u2014 entails a variety of epigenetic modifications that act synergistically to maintain silencing and make it heritable through cell divisions. Genes along the inactive X chromosome are, indeed, refractory to reactivation. Nonetheless, X-chromosome reactivation can occur alongside with epigenome reprogramming or by perturbing multiple silencing pathways. Here we review the events associated with X-chromosome reactivation during in vivo and in vitro reprogramming and highlight recent efforts in inducing Xi reactivation by molecular perturbations. This provides us with a first understanding of the mechanisms underlying X-chromosome reactivation, which could be tackled for therapeutic purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20210777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]],"date-time":"2021-11-25T13:16:24Z","timestamp":1637846184000},"page":"2797-2805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["X-chromosome reactivation: a concise review"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Spaziano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8156-7126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Cantone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, via Pansini 5, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1038\/190372a0","article-title":"Gene action in the X-chromosome of the mouse (Mus musculus L.)","volume":"190","year":"1961","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.153.4.773","article-title":"Synergism of Xist Rna, DNA methylation, and histone hypoacetylation in maintaining X chromosome inactivation","volume":"153","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.11.22.393546","article-title":"Xist-seeded nucleation sites form local concentration gradients of silencing proteins to inactivate the X-chromosome","year":"2020","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1237973","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1237973","article-title":"The Xist lncRNA exploits three-dimensional genome architecture to spread across the X chromosome","volume":"341","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"aab2276","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aab2276","article-title":"A comprehensive Xist interactome reveals cohesin repulsion and an RNA-directed chromosome conformation","volume":"349","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14443","article-title":"The Xist lncRNA interacts directly with SHARP to silence transcription through HDAC3","volume":"521","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.03.025","article-title":"Systematic discovery of Xist RNA binding proteins","volume":"161","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1008333","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1008333","article-title":"Xist RNA in action: past, present, and future","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/15476286.2015.1137420","article-title":"D-repeat in the XIST gene is required for X chromosome inactivation","volume":"13","year":"2016","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-1974-9","article-title":"SPEN integrates transcriptional and epigenetic control of X-inactivation","volume":"578","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.11.041","article-title":"The implication of early chromatin changes in X chromosome inactivation","volume":"176","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dev149138","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.149138","article-title":"Defects in dosage compensation impact global gene regulation in the mouse trophoblast","volume":"144","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11171-3","article-title":"Systematic allelic analysis defines the interplay of key pathways in X chromosome inactivation","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2017.11.013","article-title":"hnRNPK recruits PCGF3\/5-PRC1 to the Xist RNA B-Repeat to establish polycomb-mediated chromosomal silencing","volume":"68","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aal2512","article-title":"PCGF3\/5\u2013PRC1 initiates polycomb recruitment in X chromosome inactivation","volume":"356","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e48019","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201948019","article-title":"The role of Xist-mediated polycomb recruitment in the initiation of X-chromosome inactivation","volume":"20","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2020.04.009","article-title":"Xist drives spatial compartmentalization of DNA and protein to orchestrate initiation and maintenance of X inactivation","volume":"64","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1038\/s41594-019-0223-0","article-title":"Phase separation drives X-chromosome inactivation: a hypothesis","volume":"26","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80248-8","article-title":"A shift from reversible to irreversible X inactivation Is triggered during ES cell differentiation","volume":"5","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna4040028","article-title":"Local tandem repeat expansion in Xist RNA as a model for the functionalisation of ncRNA","volume":"4","year":"2018","journal-title":"Non-Coding RNA"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2019.00025","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of TDP-43 misfolding and pathology in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis","volume":"12","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2703-0","article-title":"A protein assembly mediates Xist localization and gene silencing","volume":"587","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aae0047","article-title":"Xist recruits the X chromosome to the nuclear lamina to enable chromosome-wide silencing","volume":"354","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1038\/ng820","article-title":"Chromosomal silencing and localization are mediated by different domains of Xist RNA","volume":"30","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3965","article-title":"Three-dimensional genome architecture: players and mechanisms","volume":"16","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pdb.prot083758","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.prot083758","article-title":"Preparation of the nuclear matrix for parallel microscopy and biochemical analyses","volume":"2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Protoc."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.295907.117","article-title":"The nuclear matrix protein CIZ1 facilitates localization of Xist RNA to the inactive X-chromosome territory","volume":"31","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092674","article-title":"Reactivation of the paternal X chromosome in early mouse embryos","volume":"303","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092727","article-title":"Epigenetic dynamics of imprinted X inactivation during early mouse development","volume":"303","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04155","article-title":"Evidence for de novo imprinted X-chromosome inactivation independent of meiotic inactivation in mice","volume":"438","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1160952","article-title":"Molecular coupling of Xist regulation and pluripotency","volume":"321","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2013.10.023","article-title":"Tsix RNA and the germline factor, PRDM14, link X reactivation and stem cell reprogramming","volume":"52","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2006.02.020","article-title":"Early lineage segregation between epiblast and primitive endoderm in mouse blastocysts through the Grb2-MAPK pathway","volume":"10","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09496","article-title":"Molecular coupling of Tsix regulation and pluripotency","volume":"468","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08098","article-title":"The pluripotency factor Oct4 interacts with Ctcf and also controls X-chromosome pairing and counting","volume":"460","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-01415-5","article-title":"Contribution of epigenetic landscapes and transcription factors to X-chromosome reactivation in the inner cell mass","volume":"8","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/7.4.737","article-title":"The UTX gene escapes X inactivation in mice and humans","volume":"7","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2015.10.006","article-title":"X chromosome reactivation in reprogramming and in development","volume":"37","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-019-0284-7","article-title":"PRDM14 controls X-chromosomal and global epigenetic reprogramming of H3K27me3 in migrating mouse primordial germ cells","volume":"12","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epigenetics Chromatin"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18004","article-title":"Co-repressor CBFA2T2 regulates pluripotency and germline development","volume":"534","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10150","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.10150","article-title":"ETO family protein Mtgr1 mediates Prdm14 functions in stem cell maintenance and primordial germ cell formation","volume":"4","year":"2015","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dev168633","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.168633","article-title":"Co-option of the PRDM14\u2013CBFA2T complex from motor neurons to pluripotent cells during vertebrate evolution","volume":"146","year":"2019","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0040030","article-title":"X chromosome activity in mouse XX primordial germ cells","volume":"4","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e116","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.0030116","article-title":"X chromosome reactivation initiates in nascent primordial germ cells in mice","volume":"3","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"bio058602","DOI":"10.1242\/bio.058602","article-title":"Visualization of X chromosome reactivation in mouse primordial germ cells in vivo","volume":"10","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Open."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.08.11.455976","article-title":"A temporally controlled sequence of X-chromosome inactivation and reactivation defines female mouse in vitro germ cells with meiotic potential","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1002\/stem.1557","article-title":"Spontaneous reactivation of clusters of X-linked genes is associated with the plasticity of X-inactivation in mouse trophoblast stem cells: X-inactivation plasticity in TS cells","volume":"32","year":"2014","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1186\/s13072-015-0044-2","article-title":"A rapid passage through a two-active-X-chromosome state accompanies the switch of imprinted X-inactivation patterns in mouse trophoblast stem cells","volume":"8","year":"2015","journal-title":"Epigenetics Chromatin"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1721","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2009.03.043","article-title":"When X-inactivation meets pluripotency: an intimate rendezvous","volume":"583","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11070","article-title":"RNF12 initiates X-chromosome inactivation by targeting REX1 for degradation","volume":"485","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2007.05.014","article-title":"Directly reprogrammed fibroblasts show global epigenetic remodeling and widespread tissue contribution","volume":"1","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20517\/jtgg.2017.19","article-title":"Reversal of X chromosome inactivation: lessons from pluripotent reprogramming of mouse and human somatic cells","volume":"1","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Transl. Genet. Genomics"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2706","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9122706","article-title":"New insights into X-Chromosome reactivation during reprogramming to pluripotency","volume":"9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(83)90563-9","article-title":"Reversal of X-inactivation in female mouse somatic cells hybridized with murine teratocarcinoma stem cells in vitro","volume":"34","year":"1983","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6510","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/16.21.6510","article-title":"Embryonic germ cells induce epigenetic reprogramming of somatic nucleus in hybrid cells","volume":"16","year":"1997","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12354","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms12354","article-title":"Ordered chromatin changes and human X chromosome reactivation by cell fusion-mediated pluripotent reprogramming","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-1136-4","article-title":"Allele-specific analysis of cell fusion-mediated pluripotent reprograming reveals distinct and predictive susceptibilities of human X-linked genes to reactivation","volume":"18","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2011.144","article-title":"Histone variant macroH2A confers resistance to nuclear reprogramming: macroH2A restricts reprogramming","volume":"30","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.249706.119","article-title":"Dynamic reversal of random X-Chromosome inactivation during iPSC reprogramming","volume":"29","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Res."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3499","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-23610-1","article-title":"Chromosome compartments on the inactive X guide TAD formation independently of transcription during X-reactivation","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E2029","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1520113113","article-title":"Unusual maintenance of X chromosome inactivation predisposes female lymphocytes for increased expression from the inactive X","volume":"113","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.02.015","article-title":"B cell-specific XIST complex enforces X-inactivation and restrains atypical B cells","volume":"184","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.01.034","article-title":"Xist RNA is a potent suppressor of hematologic cancer in mice","volume":"152","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12591","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1413620111","article-title":"Genetic and pharmacological reactivation of the mammalian inactive X chromosome","volume":"111","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.11.007","article-title":"Evolution and roles of stanniocalcin","volume":"349","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Endocrinol."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7991","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803792115","article-title":"Pharmacological reactivation of inactive X-linked Mecp2 in cerebral cortical neurons of living mice","volume":"115","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14366","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1617597113","article-title":"A high-throughput small molecule screen identifies synergism between DNA methylation and Aurora kinase pathways for X reactivation","volume":"113","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25543","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.36.25543","article-title":"Identification of a novel phosphorylation site on histone H3 coupled with mitotic chromosome condensation","volume":"274","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200811143","article-title":"AURKB-mediated effects on chromatin regulate binding versus release of XIST RNA to the inactive chromosome","volume":"186","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a022061","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a022061","article-title":"TGF-\u03b2 Signaling from receptors to Smads","volume":"8","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1621356114","article-title":"Screen for reactivation of MeCP2 on the inactive X chromosome identifies the BMP\/TGF-\u03b2 superfamily as a regulator of XIST expression","volume":"114","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2023052308000650200_BST-2021-0777CC72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s11689-020-09332-3","article-title":"A small-molecule screen reveals novel modulators of MeCP2 and X-chromosome inactivation maintenance","volume":"12","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurodev. Disord."}],"container-title":["Biochemical Society Transactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article-pdf\/49\/6\/2797\/946597\/bst-2021-0777c.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article-pdf\/49\/6\/2797\/946597\/bst-2021-0777c.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,23]],"date-time":"2023-05-23T08:00:53Z","timestamp":1684828853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article\/49\/6\/2797\/230291\/X-chromosome-reactivation-a-concise-review"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bst20210777","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5127","1470-8752"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5127","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-8752","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,25]]}}}