{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T03:06:01Z","timestamp":1784948761328,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Proteins that contain basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and Per-Arnt-Sim motifs (PAS) function as transcription factors. bHLH\u2013PAS proteins exhibit essential and diverse functions throughout the body, from cell specification and differentiation in embryonic development to the proper function of organs like the brain and liver in adulthood. bHLH\u2013PAS proteins are divided into two classes, which form heterodimers to regulate transcription. Class I bHLH\u2013PAS proteins are typically activated in response to specific stimuli, while class II proteins are expressed more ubiquitously. Here, we discuss the general structure and functions of bHLH\u2013PAS proteins throughout the animal kingdom, including family members that do not fit neatly into the class I-class II organization. We review heterodimerization between class I and class II bHLH\u2013PAS proteins, binding partner selectivity and functional redundancy. Finally, we discuss the evolution of bHLH\u2013PAS proteins, and why a class I protein essential for cardiovascular development in vertebrates like chicken and fish is absent from mammals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20211225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]],"date-time":"2022-06-13T13:23:13Z","timestamp":1655126593000},"page":"1227-1243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The evolution and structure\/function of bHLH\u2013PAS transcription factor family"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Hailey E.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5021-0020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel A.","family":"Gorelick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Precision Environmental Health, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"2022062911440618100_BST-2021-1225CC1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2443.1997.1490345.x","article-title":"Loss of teratogenic response to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in mice lacking the Ah (dioxin) receptor","volume":"2","year":"1997","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"2022062911440618100_BST-2021-1225CC2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8185","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.89.17.8185","article-title":"Cloning of the Ah-receptor cDNA reveals a distinctive ligand-activated transcription factor","volume":"89","year":"1992","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A."},{"key":"2022062911440618100_BST-2021-1225CC3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6731","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.13.6731","article-title":"Characterization of a murine Ahr null allele: involvement of the Ah receptor in hepatic growth and development","volume":"93","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. 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