{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T19:31:52Z","timestamp":1784057512998,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Major advancements in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) technology over recent years have yielded valuable tools for cardiovascular research. Multi-cell type 3-dimensional (3D) cardiac models in particular, are providing complementary approaches to animal studies that are better representatives than simple 2-dimensional (2D) cultures of differentiated hPSCs. These human 3D cardiac models can be broadly divided into two categories; namely those generated through aggregating pre-differentiated cells and those that form self-organizing structures during their in vitro differentiation from hPSCs. These models can either replicate aspects of cardiac development or enable the examination of interactions among constituent cell types, with some of these models showing increased maturity compared with 2D systems. Both groups have already emerged as physiologically relevant pre-clinical platforms for studying heart disease mechanisms, exhibiting key functional attributes of the human heart. In this review, we describe the different cardiac organoid models derived from hPSCs, their generation methods, applications in cardiovascular disease research and use in drug screening. We also address their current limitations and challenges as pre-clinical testing platforms and propose potential improvements to enhance their efficacy in cardiac drug discovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20230444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T07:04:43Z","timestamp":1716447883000},"page":"1045-1059","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Three-dimensional cardiac models: a pre-clinical testing platform"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Eline","family":"Groen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine L.","family":"Mummery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"2The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loukia","family":"Yiangou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7917-9423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard P.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"2The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Medicine (reNEW), Leiden University Medical Center, 2300RC Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00717-6","article-title":"Repurposing drugs to treat cardiovascular disease in the era of precision medicine","volume":"19","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.11.011","article-title":"Perspectives on the use of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes in biomedical research","volume":"11","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.00268","article-title":"Comparative transcriptome landscape of mouse and human hearts","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07935","article-title":"Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche","volume":"459","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8701","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms9701","article-title":"Resident c-kit + cells in the heart are not cardiac stem cells","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E12245","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1805829115","article-title":"Profiling proliferative cells and their progeny in damaged murine hearts","volume":"115","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.11.019","article-title":"Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors","volume":"131","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.07.024","article-title":"Induction of pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic and adult fibroblast cultures by defined factors","volume":"126","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.315209","article-title":"Towards precision medicine with human iPSCs for cardiac channelopathies","volume":"125","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2016.02.011","article-title":"Complex tissue and disease modeling using hiPSCs","volume":"18","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.243717","article-title":"Discovery of novel small-molecule inducers of heme oxygenase-1 that protect human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from oxidative stress","volume":"364","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H44","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00793.2015","article-title":"High-throughput drug profiling with voltage- and calcium-sensitive fluorescent probes in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes","volume":"311","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfz235","article-title":"Detection of drug-induced torsades de pointes arrhythmia mechanisms using hiPSC-CM syncytial monolayers in a high-throughput screening voltage sensitive dye assay","volume":"173","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13834","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-13590-y","article-title":"HiPSC-CM monolayer maturation state determines drug responsiveness in high throughput pro-arrhythmia screen","volume":"7","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.034","article-title":"Cardioids reveal self-organizing principles of human cardiogenesis","volume":"184","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-021-00497-2","article-title":"Generation, functional analysis and applications of isogenic three-dimensional self-aggregating cardiac microtissues from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"16","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1109\/JMEMS.2020.3011196","article-title":"A miniaturized EHT platform for accurate measurements of tissue contractile properties","volume":"29","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Microelectromech. Syst."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26397","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026397","article-title":"Human engineered heart tissue as a versatile tool in basic research and preclinical toxicology","volume":"6","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5142","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25329-5","article-title":"Self-assembling human heart organoids for the modeling of cardiac development and congenital heart disease","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2301067","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.202301067","article-title":"Global meta-analysis of organoid and organ-on-chip research","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2023.10.030","article-title":"Multi-chamber cardioids unravel human heart development and cardiac defects","volume":"186","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"878311","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.878311","article-title":"Long-term culture of patient-derived cardiac organoids recapitulated Duchenne muscular dystrophy cardiomyopathy and disease progression","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2016.04.011","article-title":"Human engineered heart tissue: analysis of contractile force","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.143438","article-title":"Three-dimensional cardiac microtissues composed of cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells co-differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells","volume":"144","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.02.008","article-title":"Differentiation of embryonic stem cells to clinically relevant populations: lessons from embryonic development","volume":"132","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.07.010","article-title":"Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiovascular cells: from developmental biology to therapeutic applications","volume":"25","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfw069","article-title":"Cardiac non-myocyte cells show enhanced pharmacological function suggestive of contractile maturity in stem cell derived cardiomyocyte microtissues","volume":"152","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfw227","article-title":"From the cover: high-throughput imaging of cardiac microtissues for the assessment of cardiac contraction during drug discovery","volume":"155","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13868-x","article-title":"Generating ring-shaped engineered heart tissues from ventricular and atrial human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.143966","article-title":"Development of a human cardiac organoid injury model reveals innate regenerative potential","volume":"144","year":"2017","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.07.068","article-title":"Cardiac microtissues from human pluripotent stem cells recapitulate the phenotype of long-QT syndrome","volume":"572","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.03.026","article-title":"BET inhibition blocks inflammation-induced cardiac dysfunction and SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"184","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.05.004","article-title":"Human-iPSC-derived cardiac stromal cells enhance maturation in 3D cardiac microtissues and reveal non-cardiomyocyte contributions to heart disease","volume":"26","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E8372","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1707316114","article-title":"Functional screening in human cardiac organoids reveals a metabolic mechanism for cardiomyocyte cell cycle arrest","volume":"114","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2022.121860","article-title":"Generation of human iPSCs derived heart organoids structurally and functionally similar to heart","volume":"290","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-023-01718-7","article-title":"Epicardioid single-cell genomics uncovers principles of human epicardium biology in heart development and disease","volume":"41","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43999-1","article-title":"A patterned human primitive heart organoid model generated by pluripotent stem cell self-organization","volume":"14","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2021.11.007","article-title":"Co-emergence of cardiac and gut tissues promotes cardiomyocyte maturation within human iPSC-derived organoids","volume":"28","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6981","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-34730-7","article-title":"Human multilineage pro-epicardium\/foregut organoids support the development of an epicardium\/myocardium organoid","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104486","article-title":"A combined human gastruloid model of cardiogenesis and neurogenesis","volume":"25","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfac108","article-title":"Predicting human cardiac QT alterations and pro-arrhythmic effects of compounds with a 3D beating heart-on-chip platform","volume":"191","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2019.05.016","article-title":"Engineered heart tissue models from hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes and cardiac ECM for disease modeling and drug testing applications","volume":"92","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Biomater."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2017.09.008","article-title":"Machine learning of human pluripotent stem cell-derived engineered cardiac tissue contractility for automated drug classification","volume":"9","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001453","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.1001453","article-title":"Immunosuppressants Tacrolimus and Sirolimus revert the cardiac antifibrotic properties of p38-MAPK inhibition in 3D-multicellular human iPSC-heart organoids","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117002","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP11208","article-title":"Cardiac development in the presence of cadmium: an in vitro study using human embryonic stem cells and cardiac organoids","volume":"130","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2022.03.012","article-title":"Progress in multicellular human cardiac organoids for clinical applications","volume":"29","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855966","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.855966","article-title":"Heart in a dish: from traditional 2D differentiation protocols to cardiac organoids","volume":"10","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1186\/s12872-023-03231-w","article-title":"The global prevalence of myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Cardiovasc. Disord."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-020-0539-4","article-title":"Human cardiac organoids for the modelling of myocardial infarction and drug cardiotoxicity","volume":"4","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0084-1","article-title":"Dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"5","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60397-3","article-title":"Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"381","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4679","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehac543","article-title":"Restrictive cardiomyopathy: definition and diagnosis","volume":"43","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227184","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1227184","article-title":"Human engineered cardiac tissue model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy recapitulates key hallmarks of the disease and the effect of chronic mavacamten treatment","volume":"11","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4909","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054909","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte apoptosis is associated with contractile dysfunction in stem cell model of MYH7 E848G hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"24","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabd1817","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abd1817","article-title":"Dynamic loading of human engineered heart tissue enhances contractile function and drives a desmosome-linked disease phenotype","volume":"13","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2018.11.015","article-title":"A contraction stress model of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy due to sarcomere mutations","volume":"12","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2021.03.025","article-title":"Balancing serendipity and reproducibility: pluripotent stem cells as experimental systems for intellectual and developmental disorders","volume":"16","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.211458","article-title":"Development of a drug screening platform based on engineered heart tissue","volume":"107","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-018-0280-4","article-title":"Contractile deficits in engineered cardiac microtissues as a result of MYBPC3 deficiency and mechanical overload","volume":"2","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195-021-00684-x","article-title":"Interplay of genotype and substrate stiffness in driving the hypertrophic cardiomyopathy phenotype in iPSC-micro-heart muscle arrays","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Bioeng."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1089\/ten.tec.2011.0273","article-title":"Noninvasive evaluation of contractile behavior of cardiomyocyte monolayers based on motion vector analysis","volume":"18","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tissue Eng. Part C Methods"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfad065","article-title":"Cardiomotion: identification of functional and structural cardiotoxic liabilities in small molecules through brightfield kinetic imaging","volume":"195","year":"2023","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.02.007","article-title":"A non-invasive platform for functional characterization of stem-cell-derived cardiomyocytes with applications in cardiotoxicity testing","volume":"4","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.117.312067","article-title":"MUSCLEMOTION: a versatile open software tool to quantify cardiomyocyte and cardiac muscle contraction in vitro and in vivo","volume":"122","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e461","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.461","article-title":"Modeling the effects of maternal diabetes on the developing human heart using pluripotent stem cell\u2013derived heart organoids","volume":"2","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-022-03346-4","article-title":"Computational profiling of hiPSC-derived heart organoids reveals chamber defects associated with NKX2-5 deficiency","volume":"5","year":"2022","journal-title":"Commun. Biol."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1156759","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2023.1156759","article-title":"Modelling the pathology and treatment of cardiac fibrosis in vascularised atrial and ventricular cardiac microtissues","volume":"10","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s12195-021-00703-x","article-title":"Human atrial cardiac microtissues for chamber-specific arrhythmic risk assessment","volume":"14","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Bioeng."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-387786-4.00008-7","article-title":"Transcription Factor Pathways and Congenital Heart Disease","volume":"100","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr Top Dev Biol."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.116.013003","article-title":"Patient and disease\u2013specific induced pluripotent stem cells for discovery of personalized cardiovascular drugs and therapeutics","volume":"72","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5654","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-85261-y","article-title":"Development of a drug screening system using three-dimensional cardiac tissues containing multiple cell types","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1801187","DOI":"10.1002\/adhm.201801187","article-title":"A multimaterial microphysiological platform enabled by rapid casting of elastic microwires","volume":"8","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Healthc. Mater."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"H1353","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00705.2013","article-title":"Automated analysis of contractile force and Ca2+ transients in engineered heart tissue","volume":"306","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.03.009","article-title":"Drug screening in human PSC-cardiac organoids identifies pro-proliferative compounds acting via the mevalonate pathway","volume":"24","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001883","article-title":"Drug screening using a library of human induced pluripotent stem cell\u2013derived cardiomyocytes reveals disease-specific patterns of cardiotoxicity","volume":"127","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10228","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89478-9","article-title":"A predictive in vitro risk assessment platform for pro-arrhythmic toxicity using human 3D cardiac microtissues","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s00395-017-0645-y","article-title":"Cardiac optogenetics: using light to monitor cardiac physiology","volume":"112","year":"2017","journal-title":"Basic Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3390\/cells7060051","article-title":"Fluorescent, bioluminescent, and optogenetic approaches to study excitable physiology in the single cardiomyocyte","volume":"7","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2015.08.009","article-title":"Monitoring human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes with genetically encoded calcium and voltage fluorescent reporters","volume":"5","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.5966\/sctm.2014-0245","article-title":"Dual optical recordings for action potentials and calcium handling in induced pluripotent stem cell models of cardiac arrhythmias using genetically encoded fluorescent indicators","volume":"4","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stem Cells Transl. Med."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1093\/stmcls\/sxac029","article-title":"Optogenetic reporters delivered as mRNA facilitate repeatable action potential and calcium handling assessment in human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes","volume":"40","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/intbio\/zyz030","article-title":"Correlation of mRNA delivery timing and protein expression in lipid-based transfection","volume":"11","year":"2019","journal-title":"Integr. Biol."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa2107454","article-title":"CRISPR-Cas9 in vivo gene editing for transthyretin amyloidosis","volume":"385","year":"2021","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-018-0253-2","article-title":"Evaluation of variability in human kidney organoids","volume":"16","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e52904","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.52904","article-title":"A fully automated high-throughput workflow for 3D-based chemical screening in human midbrain organoids","volume":"9","year":"2020","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvac059","article-title":"Maturation of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes promotes adult alternative splicing of SCN5A and reveals changes in sodium current associated with cardiac arrhythmia","volume":"119","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0016-3","article-title":"Advanced maturation of human cardiac tissue grown from pluripotent stem cells","volume":"556","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.112322","article-title":"Vascular cells improve functionality of human cardiac organoids","volume":"42","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1952","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9121952","article-title":"Improving generation of cardiac organoids from human pluripotent stem cells using the aurora kinase inhibitor ZM447439","volume":"9","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16985","DOI":"10.1039\/D3RA01811C","article-title":"Nanoengineering of gold nanoribbon-embedded isogenic stem cell-derived cardiac organoids","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.121.318005","article-title":"Immune cells and immunotherapy for cardiac injury and repair","volume":"128","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dev194563","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.194563","article-title":"Tissue-resident macrophages regulate lymphatic vessel growth and patterning in the developing heart","volume":"148","year":"2021","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.031","article-title":"A network of macrophages supports mitochondrial homeostasis in the heart","volume":"183","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.03.050","article-title":"Macrophages facilitate electrical conduction in the heart","volume":"169","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15209","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72214-0","article-title":"Modeling HIV-1 neuropathogenesis using three-dimensional human brain organoids (hBORGs) with HIV-1 infected microglia","volume":"10","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1007468","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007468","article-title":"Increased programmed death-ligand 1 is an early epithelial cell response to Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"15","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1159\/000529431","article-title":"Give them vasculature and immune cells \u2013 how to fill the gap of organoids","volume":"212","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells Tissues Organs"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113616","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113616","article-title":"Developmental role of macrophages modeled in human pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal tissue","volume":"43","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2022.06.006","article-title":"Development of human gut organoids with resident tissue macrophages as a model of intestinal immune responses","volume":"14","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2023.10.002","article-title":"Development of functional resident macrophages in human pluripotent stem cell-derived colonic organoids and human fetal colon","volume":"30","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabq5031","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq5031","article-title":"Shell microelectrode arrays (MEAs) for brain organoids","volume":"8","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7892","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.nanolett.2c02790","article-title":"Multimodal characterization of cardiac organoids using integrations of pressure-sensitive transistor arrays with three-dimensional liquid metal electrodes","volume":"22","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.115024","article-title":"Photoelectrochemical imaging of single cardiomyocytes and monitoring of their action potentials through contact force manipulation of organoids","volume":"223","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-019-0160-8","article-title":"High-resolution 3D imaging of fixed and cleared organoids","volume":"14","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e141","DOI":"10.14440\/jbm.2020.334","article-title":"Comparison of different clearing and acquisition methods for 3D imaging of murine intestinal organoids","volume":"7","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Methods"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-022-01508-0","article-title":"Automated high-speed 3D imaging of organoid cultures with multi-scale phenotypic quantification","volume":"19","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2022.114136","article-title":"Longitudinal morphological and functional characterization of human heart organoids using optical coherence tomography","volume":"207","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e83532","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.83532","article-title":"Cell-free DNA as a potential biomarker of differentiation and toxicity in cardiac organoids","volume":"12","year":"2023","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0146697","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146697","article-title":"Human engineered cardiac tissues created using induced pluripotent stem cells reveal functional characteristics of BRAF-mediated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.11.066","article-title":"Integrative analysis of PRKAG2 cardiomyopathy iPS and microtissue models identifies AMPK as a regulator of metabolism, survival, and fibrosis","volume":"17","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2262","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047999","article-title":"Development of a cardiac sarcomere functional genomics platform to enable scalable interrogation of human TNNT2 variants","volume":"142","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2024062609211450800_BST-2023-0444CC112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaa5458","article-title":"Titin 757 mutations in iPS cells define sarcomere insufficiency as a cause of dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"349","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"}],"container-title":["Biochemical Society Transactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article-pdf\/52\/3\/1045\/958466\/bst-2023-0444c.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article-pdf\/52\/3\/1045\/958466\/bst-2023-0444c.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T09:25:48Z","timestamp":1719393948000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article\/52\/3\/1045\/234469\/Three-dimensional-cardiac-models-a-pre-clinical"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bst20230444","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5127","1470-8752"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5127","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-8752","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]}}}