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Sulfoxide reduction is catalysed by two major enzyme groups, the Msr peptide methionine sulfoxide reductases that repair damaged proteins, and several types of mononuclear molybdenum enzymes that either convert small molecular S- and N-oxides or repair damaged proteins. Where these enzymes support virulence, they appear to be regulated by exposure to oxidising stressors such as hypochlorite and are often required for hypochlorite resistance and successful host interactions, either by maintaining the integrity of proteins or repairing damage to nutrient molecules such as amino acids and vitamins. As the virulence-supporting S- and N-oxide reductases retain their original architecture and links to metabolic processes, so that their action often also contributes to cellular redox balancing, energy generation, and access to specific nutrients, all of which support in-host survival.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20250034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T12:41:34Z","timestamp":1786970494000},"page":"1107-1116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Where metabolism and virulence meet\u2014sulfoxide reductases as determinants of bacterial survival"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2642-1319","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Kappler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026081708412575300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0027-2015","article-title":"Bacterial metabolism shapes the host\u2013pathogen interface","volume":"4","author":"Passalacqua","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. 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