{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:01:42Z","timestamp":1785484902778,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","award":["R01 AR074105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AR074105"]}]},{"name":"U.S. Department of Defense","award":["HT9425-24-1-0598"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT9425-24-1-0598"]}]},{"name":"Lupus Research Alliance","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus develops when autoreactive B cells escape tolerance and enter differentiation pathways that sustain pathogenic autoantibody responses. A defining feature of lupus is the evolving autoantibody repertoire, in which initially focused autoreactivity broadens over time through recruitment of additional self-reactive B cell clones as well as continued mutation and selection of B cells engaged in the response. Here, we review insights from the 564Igi lupus model, in which a defined autoreactive B cell clone creates an autoimmune environment that permits a previously tolerant polyclonal wild-type (WT) B cell repertoire to enter the response. Studies using mixed bone marrow chimera and adoptive transfer approaches show that WT-derived B cells can be recruited into established autoreactive niches, participate in germinal center and extrafollicular pathways, and contribute to epitope-spread autoantibody responses. We discuss how studies in the present model have reframed epitope spreading as a dynamic process of self-reactive B cell evolution, in which otherwise restrained B cells are incorporated into an ongoing autoimmune response and shaped by the niches that support their activation, differentiation, persistence, and diversification.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20250392","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T07:54:01Z","timestamp":1785484441000},"page":"1011-1020","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evolution of self-reactive B cells: lessons from a lupus model"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2021-2938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristine","family":"Oleinika","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3213-4295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael\u00a0C.","family":"Carroll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026073103535761500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.07.002","article-title":"Epitope spreading within lupus-associated ribonucleoprotein antigens","volume":"117","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. 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