{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T09:04:32Z","timestamp":1790240672613,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HHS | NIH | National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases","award":["R01AR076242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AR076242"]}]},{"name":"Lupus Research Alliance","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) is a transcription factor at the nexus of immune regulation, inflammation, and autoimmune disease. Studies have shown that dysregulation of IRF5 is strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and inflammatory bowel disease. While originally described as a regulator downstream of Toll-like receptor (TLR)\u2013MyD88 signaling in myeloid cells, further studies demonstrate a more complex role for IRF5 in mediating adaptive immune responses as well. In this review, we provide a summary of the role of IRF5 across the major immune cell populations in which it is expressed. We discuss the mechanistic basis of IRF5 function in each population, highlight shared themes, and examine the evidence supporting IRF5 as a promising therapeutic target whose inhibition may selectively dampen pathological inflammation while preserving protective immunity. We thus provide an overview of how IRF5 bridges both innate and adaptive immune responses.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20250394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:25:52Z","timestamp":1790238352000},"page":"1319-1330","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The role of IRF5 as an immune regulator"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Laura","family":"Menocal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Disease, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda\u00a0Y.Y.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Disease, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Rachelkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Disease, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, U.S.A."},{"name":"3Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6766-4352","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Betsy\u00a0J.","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Center for Autoimmune Musculoskeletal and Hematopoietic Disease, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, U.S.A."},{"name":"2Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, U.S.A."},{"name":"3Elmezzi Graduate School of Molecular Medicine, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, U.S.A."},{"name":"4Department of Pediatrics and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, U.S.A."},{"name":"5Department of Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra\/Northwell, Hempstead, NY 11549, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026092404201738200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23382","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M101216200","article-title":"Virus-specific activation of a novel interferon regulatory factor, IRF-5, results in the induction of distinct interferon \u03b1 genes","volume":"276","author":"Barnes","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B2","first-page":"6424","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor 5, a novel mediator of cell cycle arrest and cell death","volume":"63","author":"Barnes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3402","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0611559104","article-title":"Role of IFN regulatory factor 5 transcription factor in antiviral immunity and tumor suppression","volume":"104","author":"Yanai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2767","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M804744200","article-title":"IRF-5 is a mediator of the death receptor-induced apoptotic signaling pathway","volume":"284","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-11-21","article-title":"IRF5 promotes the proliferation of human thyroid cancer cells","volume":"11","author":"Massimino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03308","article-title":"Integral role of IRF-5 in the gene induction programme activated by Toll-like receptors","volume":"434","author":"Takaoka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2282-0","article-title":"TASL is the SLC15A4-associated adaptor for IRF5 activation by TLR7-9","volume":"581","author":"Heinz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-55692-y","article-title":"The TLR7\/9 adaptors TASL and TASL2 mediate IRF5-dependent antiviral responses and autoimmunity in mouse","volume":"16","author":"Drobek","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm359","article-title":"Comprehensive evaluation of the genetic variants of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) reveals a novel 5 bp length polymorphism as strong risk factor for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"17","author":"Sigurdsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.129171","article-title":"The interferon regulatory factor 5 gene confers susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis and influences its erosive phenotype","volume":"70","author":"Dawidowicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/gene.2011.90","article-title":"A two-marker haplotype in the IRF5 gene is associated with inflammatory bowel disease in a North American cohort","volume":"13","author":"Gathungu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2026.138580","article-title":"The role of IRF5 in microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in ALS","volume":"877","author":"Yang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"roag024","DOI":"10.1093\/mr\/roag024","article-title":"Predictive value of interferon regulatory factor 5 nuclear translocation in B cells for disease activity and flare in systemic lupus erythematosus: a prospective observational cohort study","author":"Kanayama","year":"2026","journal-title":"Modern Rheumatol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21078","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M500543200","article-title":"Two discrete promoters regulate the alternatively spliced human interferon regulatory factor-5 isoforms","volume":"280","author":"Mancl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14295","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M800501200","article-title":"Functional characterization of murine interferon regulatory factor 5 (irf-5) and its role in the innate antiviral response","volume":"283","author":"Paun","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535823","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1535823","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor 5: a potential target for therapeutic intervention in inflammatory diseases","volume":"16","author":"Yu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14654","article-title":"Advances and challenges in targeting IRF5, a key regulator of inflammation","volume":"286","author":"Almuttaqi","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2023.189061","article-title":"Role of interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5) in tumor progression: Prognostic and therapeutic potential","volume":"1879","author":"Roberts","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00325","article-title":"Regulating IRFs in IFN driven disease","volume":"10","author":"Jefferies","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2622","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02622","article-title":"Therapeutic targeting of IRFs: pathway-dependence or structure-based?","volume":"9","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.28","article-title":"Monocyte differentiation and antigen-presenting functions","volume":"17","author":"Jakubzick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02035","article-title":"Human monocyte subsets and phenotypes in major chronic inflammatory diseases","volume":"10","author":"Kapellos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2021.07.007","article-title":"Signals governing monocyte differentiation during inflammation","volume":"73","author":"Orozco","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20101387","article-title":"Inflammation switches the differentiation program of Ly6Chi monocytes from antiinflammatory macrophages to inflammatory dendritic cells in the colon","volume":"209","author":"Rivollier","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00514","article-title":"From monocytes to M1\/M2 macrophages: phenotypical vs. functional differentiation","volume":"5","author":"Italiani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaax6085","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.aax6085","article-title":"IRF5 guides monocytes towards an inflammatory CD11c+ macrophage phenotype and promotes intestinal inflammation","volume":"5","author":"Corbin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-025-01632-9","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor 5 involves the pathogenesis of emphysema through NLRP3 and Ly6C expressing cells","volume":"58","author":"Heo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00121","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00121-20","article-title":"IRF5 promotes influenza virus-induced inflammatory responses in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived myeloid cells and murine models","volume":"94","author":"Forbester","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e187663","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI187663","article-title":"The macrophage-intrinsic MDA5\/IRF5 axis drives HIV-1 intron-containing RNA-induced inflammatory responses","volume":"135","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3741","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1201162","article-title":"Monocytes from Irf5\u2212\/\u2212 mice have an intrinsic defect in their response to pristane-induced lupus","volume":"189","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3426","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-31132-7","article-title":"CXCL4 synergizes with TLR8 for TBK1\u2013IRF5 activation, epigenomic remodeling and inflammatory response in human monocytes","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04922-6","article-title":"Defining genetic risk factors for scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease: IRF5 and STAT4 gene variants are associated with scleroderma while STAT4 is protective against scleroderma-associated interstitial lung disease","volume":"39","author":"Stock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e29686","article-title":"Monocytes and macrophages: origin, homing, differentiation, and functionality during inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Dash","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1990","article-title":"IRF5 promotes inflammatory macrophage polarization and TH1\u2013TH17 responses","volume":"12","author":"Krausgruber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-019-0169-x","article-title":"Irf5 deficiency in myeloid cells prevents necrotizing enterocolitis by inhibiting M1 macrophage polarization","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mucosal. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s40828-022-00163-4","article-title":"Macrophages: shapes and functions","volume":"8","author":"Lendeckel","year":"2022","journal-title":"ChemTexts"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2023.04.022","article-title":"The regulatory landscape of macrophage interferon signaling in inflammation","volume":"152","author":"Siebeler","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3390\/cells15030238","article-title":"Irf5 knockdown in bone marrow-derived macrophages favors M1-to-M2 transition","volume":"15","author":"Petrova","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1800226","article-title":"IRF5 is required for bacterial clearance in human M1-polarized macrophages, and IRF5 immune-mediated disease risk variants modulate this outcome","volume":"202","author":"Hedl","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01980-4","article-title":"The multiple roles of interferon regulatory factor family in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sig. Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13573","article-title":"IRF5 regulates airway macrophage metabolic responses","volume":"204","author":"Albers","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5089","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-32813-z","article-title":"Early macrophage response to obesity encompasses Interferon Regulatory Factor 5 regulated mitochondrial architecture remodelling","volume":"13","author":"Orliaguet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eaao5213","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao5213","article-title":"Chronic TLR7 and TLR9 signaling drives anemia via differentiation of specialized hemophagocytes","volume":"363","author":"Akilesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620948","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.620948","article-title":"Effects of microglial activation and polarization on brain injury after stroke","volume":"12","author":"Dong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2020.09.001","article-title":"Redefining microglial identity in health and disease at single-cell resolution","volume":"27","author":"Provenzano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sig. Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815347","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.815347","article-title":"Microglia polarization from M1 to M2 in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997786","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.997786","article-title":"Microglia morphophysiological diversity and its implications for the CNS","volume":"13","author":"Vidal-Itriago","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1914742117","article-title":"Microglial IRF5\u2013IRF4 regulatory axis regulates neuroinflammation after cerebral ischemia and impacts stroke outcomes","volume":"117","author":"Al Mamun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"glae031","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/glae031","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor 5 regulates the phagocytosis of microglia and alleviate Alzheimer\u2019s pathology","volume":"79","author":"Fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1425","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2017.122","article-title":"Age-related differences in interferon regulatory factor-4 and -5 signaling in ischemic brains of mice","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14140","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-025-05200-0","article-title":"DTX1 modulates microglial M1 polarization and exacerbates neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury model rats through NF\u2014\u03baB\/IRF5","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-025-05648-2","article-title":"Microglia regulate myelin clearance and cholesterol metabolism after demyelination via interferon regulatory factor 5","volume":"82","author":"Montilla","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e171488","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.171488","article-title":"IRF5 governs macrophage adventitial infiltration to fuel abdominal aortic aneurysm formation","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02049-y","article-title":"Neutrophil diversity and function in health and disease","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sig. Transduct. Target Ther."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09807-0","article-title":"Architecture of the neutrophil compartment","volume":"649","author":"Cerezo-Wallis","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2026.101393","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor 5 associated neutrophil reprogramming by trained immunity protects against lethal-dose bacterial sepsis","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updat."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-021-00968-4","article-title":"Distinct transcription factor networks control neutrophil-driven inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Khoyratty","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11001","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1506254112","article-title":"IRF5 controls both acute and chronic inflammation","volume":"112","author":"Weiss","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1007\/s11882-013-0408-2","article-title":"Emerging role of human basophil biology in health and disease","volume":"14","author":"Cromheecke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2432","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0801782","article-title":"Human basophils secrete IL-3: evidence of autocrine priming for phenotypic and functional responses in allergic disease","volume":"182","author":"Schroeder","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.b.20629","article-title":"STAT5 in human basophils: IL-3 is required for its Fc\u03b5RI-mediated phosphorylation","volume":"82","author":"Verweij","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cytometry B Clin. Cytom."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.107820","article-title":"T cell-intrinsic IRF5 regulates T cell signaling, migration, and differentiation and promotes intestinal inflammation","volume":"31","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-022-01200-7","article-title":"Single-cell analysis identifies the interaction of altered renal tubules with basophils orchestrating kidney fibrosis","volume":"23","author":"Doke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210150","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0150-2021","article-title":"Eosinophils and eosinophilic immune dysfunction in health and disease","volume":"31","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Respirat. Rev."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2016.92","article-title":"A critical role for IRF5 in regulating allergic airway inflammation","volume":"10","author":"Byrne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20190706","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20190706","article-title":"The GM-CSF-IRF5 signaling axis in eosinophils promotes antitumor immunity through activation of type 1 T cell responses","volume":"217","author":"Arnold","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-019-0210-z","article-title":"Dendritic cells in cancer immunology and immunotherapy","volume":"20","author":"Wculek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2020.02.021","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of DC fate specification","volume":"121","author":"Bosteels","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a028423","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028423","article-title":"The interferon (IFN) class of cytokines and the IFN regulatory factor (IRF) transcription factor family","volume":"10","author":"Negishi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.156109","article-title":"Frequency of IRF5+ dendritic cells is associated with the TLR7-induced inflammatory cytokine response in SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"162","author":"Cords","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.MA0318-136RRR","article-title":"IRF5 regulates unique subset of genes in dendritic cells during West Nile virus infection","volume":"105","author":"Chow","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.113795","article-title":"The IRAK1\/IRF5 axis initiates IL-12 response by dendritic cells and control of Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"43","author":"Pereira","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900743","article-title":"Myeloid cell-intrinsic IRF5 promotes T cell responses through multiple distinct checkpoints in vivo, and IRF5 immune-mediated disease risk variants modulate these myeloid cell functions","volume":"205","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01938","article-title":"B cell-intrinsic role for IRF5 in TLR9\/BCR-induced human B cell activation, proliferation, and plasmablast differentiation","volume":"8","author":"De","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0056-8","article-title":"Regulation of age-associated B cells by IRF5 in systemic autoimmunity","volume":"19","author":"Manni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.13879","article-title":"IRF5 controls plasma cell generation and antibody production via distinct mechanisms depending on the antigenic trigger","volume":"174","author":"Matta","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01143","article-title":"Potential T cell-intrinsic regulatory roles for IRF5 via cytokine modulation in T helper subset differentiation and function","volume":"11","author":"Brune","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.05.001","article-title":"Plasticity of CD4+ T cell lineage differentiation","volume":"30","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001246","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001246","article-title":"Critical role of IRF-5 in the development of T helper 1 responses to Leishmania donovani infection","volume":"7","author":"Paun","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2024.08.26.609422","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.08.26.609422","article-title":"IRF5 mediates adaptive immunity via altered glutamine metabolism, mTORC1 signaling and post-transcriptional regulation following T cell receptor activation","author":"Brune","year":"2024","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.06.107","article-title":"IRF-5 promotes cell death in CD4 T cells during chronic infection","volume":"24","author":"Fabi\u00e9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e167329","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.167329","article-title":"The TLR7\/IRF-5 axis sensitizes memory CD4+ T cells to Fas-mediated apoptosis during HIV-1 infection","volume":"8","author":"Carmona-P\u00e9rez","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15890","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0803171105","article-title":"Interferon regulatory factor 4 differentially regulates the production of Th2 cytokines in na\u00efve vs. effector\/memory CD4+ T cells","volume":"105","author":"Honma","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4280","DOI":"10.1038\/s44318-025-00485-2","article-title":"Transcription factor IRF-5 regulates lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function in murine CD8+ T-cells during viral infection","volume":"44","author":"Mai","year":"2025","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"0021","DOI":"10.34133\/cancomm.0021","article-title":"TOPK suppresses the CD8+ T cell antitumor immunity via modulation of IRF5 expression","volume":"46","author":"Zang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Cancer Commun."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2026.04.006","article-title":"Phenotypically and functionally unique CD86 expression CD8 T cell subset shapes immune regulation in the tumor microenvironment","author":"Hu","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/s41568-019-0235-4","article-title":"CD8+ T cell states in human cancer: insights from single-cell analysis","volume":"20","author":"Van Der Leun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000431","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000431","article-title":"B7-H1 blockade increases survival of dysfunctional CD8+ T cells and confers protection against Leishmania donovani Infections","volume":"5","author":"Joshi","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004938","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004938","article-title":"IRF-5-mediated inflammation limits CD8+ T cell expansion by inducing HIF-1\u03b1 and impairing dendritic cell functions during Leishmania infection","volume":"11","author":"Hammami","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10154","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1005599107","article-title":"Contribution of IRF5 in B cells to the development of murine SLE-like disease through its transcriptional control of the IgG2a locus","volume":"107","author":"Savitsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e141395","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.141395","article-title":"Monoallelic IRF5 deficiency in B cells prevents murine lupus","volume":"6","author":"Pellerin","year":"2021","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-092419-031130","article-title":"Age-associated B. cells","volume":"38","author":"Cancro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-24609-4","article-title":"Genetic and chemical inhibition of IRF5 suppresses pre-existing mouse lupus-like disease","volume":"12","author":"Ban","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2300298","article-title":"Genetic reduction of IRF5 expression after disease initiation reduces disease in a mouse lupus model by impacting systemic and end-organ pathogenic pathways","volume":"211","author":"Pellerin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026092404201738200_B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-023-00495-x","article-title":"Sex differences in the percentage of IRF5 positive B cells are associated with higher production of TNF-\u03b1 in women in response to TLR9 in humans","volume":"14","author":"Beisel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."}],"container-title":["Biochemical Society Transactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article-pdf\/54\/10\/1319\/992344\/bst-2025-0394c.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article-pdf\/54\/10\/1319\/992344\/bst-2025-0394c.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T08:25:54Z","timestamp":1790238354000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article\/54\/10\/1319\/238104\/The-role-of-IRF5-as-an-immune-regulator"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"references-count":96,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bst20250394","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5127","1470-8752"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5127","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-8752","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]}}}