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Their modular, self-assembling nature makes them attractive for synthetic biology applications, particularly their transplantation alongside functional bicarbonate (HCO3-) transporters into plant chloroplasts to achieve improved photosynthetic efficiency. Recent advances have deepened our understanding of carboxysome biogenesis, Rubisco organisation and shell function. However, key questions remain, including the precise shell mechanistic action, which is critical for functional integration into new hosts. Addressing these questions, as well as identifying suitable bicarbonate transporters and fine-tuning expression levels, will be essential to utilising carboxysomes and the cyanobacterial CO2-concentrating mechanism for enhanced photosynthetic efficiency in crops.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20253072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T19:10:41Z","timestamp":1750965041000},"page":"671-685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Understanding carboxysomes to enhance carbon fixation in crops"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4322-4755","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nghiem Dinh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Biochemical Science and Biochemistry Division, Research School of Biology, 134 Linnaeus Way, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia"},{"name":"2Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, 134 Linnaeus Way, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2600-8073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loraine M.","family":"Rourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, 134 Linnaeus Way, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0557-5938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Cleaver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Biochemical Science and Biochemistry Division, Research School of Biology, 134 Linnaeus Way, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia"},{"name":"3ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3476-9478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Brock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Biochemical Science and Biochemistry Division, Research School of Biology, 134 Linnaeus Way, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia"},{"name":"3ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4616-2967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benedict M.","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"4Discipline of Biological Sciences, School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University Drive, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5906-4912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dean G.","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Plant Science Division, Research School of Biology, 134 Linnaeus Way, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025063011511742500_BST-2025-3072C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbi.2016.03.009","article-title":"Assembly, function and evolution of cyanobacterial carboxysomes","volume":"31","author":"Kerfeld","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. 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