{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T22:12:49Z","timestamp":1784585569084,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":28,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>C\u2013C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) is the R5-tropic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 or HIV co-receptor. Lower CCR5 levels can reduce T cell and macrophage susceptibility and suppress HIV infection. Moreover, CCR5\u039432 homozygous stem cell transplantation is central to HIV cure. Other studies have shown that CCR5 plays a vital role in cancer development and cell migration, and it was considered a potential therapeutic target for several types of malignancy. In addition to HIV and cancer, CCR5 also participates in immune response and plays a role in graft-versus-host disease in bone marrow transplant patients. It is also associated with other diseases, such as Parkinson\u2019s disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, investigating its regulatory mechanisms is critically important for understanding the progress and therapeutics of other illnesses. Transcriptional regulation of genes is a complex process that controls when, where, and how much the RNA transcript is produced. In this minireview, we discuss epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, transcription factors, and signal transduction pathways, involved in the regulation of CCR5 transcripts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20253092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T08:49:59Z","timestamp":1769676599000},"page":"95-106","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mechanisms of transcriptional regulation of CCR5, which is the co-receptor for R5-tropic HIV and is also involved in other disease processes"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5095-8784","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lingyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon Veron","family":"Akisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7418-2378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Sutton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apcsb.2021.01.004","article-title":"Recent developments in CCR5 regulation for HIV cure","volume":"126","author":"Garg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Protein Chem. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2021.146100","article-title":"CCL5 secreted by luminal B breast cancer cells induces polarization of M2 macrophages through activation of MEK\/STAT3 signaling pathway via CCR5","volume":"812","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2004.04.100","article-title":"CCL3, acting via the chemokine receptor CCR5, leads to independent activation of Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and Gi proteins","volume":"570","author":"Mueller","year":"2004","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-0562-5","article-title":"CCL4 enhances preosteoclast migration and its receptor CCR5 downregulation by RANKL promotes osteoclastogenesis","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C5","article-title":"HIV statistics, globally and by WHO region","author":"WHO","year":"2024"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadl0368","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adl0368","article-title":"JAK\/STAT signaling pathway affects CCR5 expression in human CD4 + T cells","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642482","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1642482","article-title":"Circulating immune landscape and immune signatures in spontaneous HIV controllers","volume":"16","author":"Navas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front. Immunol"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e44360","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.44360","article-title":"Transcriptional down-regulation of ccr5 in a subset of HIV+ controllers and their family members","volume":"8","author":"Gonzalo-Gil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-020-00505-2","article-title":"From Berlin to London: HIV-1 Reservoir Reduction Following Stem Cell Transplantation","volume":"17","author":"Prator","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. HIV\/AIDS Rep."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2021.1902505","article-title":"CCR5 is a potential therapeutic target for cancer","volume":"25","author":"Hemmatazad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23810","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.203654","article-title":"CCR5 is a prognostic biomarker and an immune regulator for triple negative breast cancer","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aging (Milano)"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jitc","DOI":"10.1136\/jitc-2023-007939","article-title":"CCR5 and CCL5 gene expression in colorectal cancer: comprehensive profiling and clinical value","volume":"12","author":"Battaglin","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Immunother. Cancer"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2024.216635","article-title":"A novel antagonist of the CCL5\/CCR5 axis suppresses the tumor growth and metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer by CCR5-YAP1 regulation","volume":"583","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cancer Lett"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.112331","article-title":"Involvement of CCR5 on interstitial macrophages in the development of lung fibrosis in severe asthma","volume":"135","author":"Matsuda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2024.109674","article-title":"Cancer-associated fibroblasts promote enzalutamide resistance and PD-L1 expression in prostate cancer through CCL5-CCR5 paracrine axis","volume":"27","author":"Xiong","year":"2024","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.12644","article-title":"CCR5 promoter polymorphisms associated with nonsmall cell lung cancer","volume":"51","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6394784","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6394784","article-title":"MiR-455-5p Suppresses the Progression of Prostate Cancer by Targeting CCR5","volume":"2019","author":"Xing","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2015.2911","article-title":"Downregulation of CCR5 inhibits the proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer cells and is regulated by microRNA-107","volume":"11","author":"Che","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e687","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.687","article-title":"C-C chemokine receptor 5 and acute graft-versus-host disease","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immun. Inflamm. Dis."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-08-735076","article-title":"Clinical and immunologic impact of CCR5 blockade in graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis","volume":"129","author":"Moy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C21","first-page":"3438","article-title":"Cenicriviroc ameliorates the severity of graft-versus-host disease through inhibition of CCR5 in a rat model of liver transplantation","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Transl. Res."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxae033","article-title":"Blockade of CCR5 and CXCR3 attenuates murine acute graft-versus-host disease through modulating donor-derived T-cell distribution and function","volume":"36","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Immunol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.031","article-title":"The impact of CCR5-\u039432 deletion on C-reactive protein levels and cardiovascular disease: Results from the Danish Blood Donor Study","volume":"242","author":"Dinh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"Supplement_1","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehae666.2165","article-title":"Recruitment of CCR5-positive T cells in pulmonary vascular lesions in idiopathic- and connective tissue disease associated- pulmonary arterial hypertension","volume":"45","author":"Ohta-Ogo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.21888","article-title":"Role of the CCL5 and Its Receptor, CCR5, in the Genesis of Aldosterone-Induced Hypertension, Vascular Dysfunction, and End-Organ Damage","volume":"81","author":"Costa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-021-03464-7","article-title":"CCR5 signaling promotes lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophage recruitment and alveolar developmental arrest","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13392","article-title":"CCR5 deficiency: Decreased neuronal resilience to oxidative stress and increased risk of vascular dementia","volume":"20","author":"Tournier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers. Dement."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1093\/jnen\/nlad071","article-title":"The intricate role of CCL5\/CCR5 axis in Alzheimer disease","volume":"82","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-211069","article-title":"Chemotaxis of V\u03b42 T cells to the joints contributes to the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"76","author":"Mo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363673","article-title":"CCR5 (chemokine receptor-5) DNA-polymorphism influences the severity of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"1","author":"Zapico","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genes Immun."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1981","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01981","article-title":"The expanding therapeutic perspective of CCR5 Blockade","volume":"8","author":"Vangelista","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E4762","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1423228112","article-title":"Epigenetic mechanisms, T-cell activation, and CCR5 genetics interact to regulate T-cell expression of CCR5, the major HIV-1 coreceptor","volume":"112","author":"Gornalusse","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.3048","article-title":"Expression of CC chemokine receptor 5 in clear cell renal cell carcinoma and its clinical significance","volume":"9","author":"Yoo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2400611","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202400611","article-title":"CD147-K148me2-Driven Tumor Cell-Macrophage Crosstalk Provokes NSCLC Immunosuppression via the CCL5\/CCR5 Axis","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Sci. (Weinh)."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01032-x","article-title":"New genetic and epigenetic insights into the chemokine system: the latest discoveries aiding progression toward precision medicine","volume":"20","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2018-0062","article-title":"The CCR5-Delta32 Genetic Polymorphism and HIV-1 Infection Susceptibility: a Meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Ni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Med. (Wars)."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1097-1160","article-title":"The role of CCR5 and CCR2 polymorphisms in HIV-1 transmission and disease progression","volume":"3","author":"Michael","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1838","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu338","article-title":"Decreased HIV Type 1 Transcription in CCR5-\u039432 Heterozygotes During Suppressive Antiretroviral Therapy","volume":"210","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3544","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03277-z","article-title":"Sustained HIV remission after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with wild-type CCR5 donor cells","volume":"30","author":"S\u00e1ez-Ciri\u00f3n","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2200108","article-title":"CCR5: The receptor that unlocks the door for HIV Entry into Cells","volume":"208","author":"Unutmaz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17070887","article-title":"Development of Anti-HIV Therapeutics: From Conventional Drug Discovery to Cutting-Edge Technology","volume":"17","author":"Sun","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00192-x","article-title":"CCR5 promoter activity correlates with HIV disease progression by regulating CCR5 cell surface expression and CD4 T cell apoptosis","volume":"7","author":"Joshi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rce.2023.12.003","article-title":"Polymorphisms of CCR5, IL-6, IFN-\u03b3 and IL-10 genes in Cuban HIV\/AIDS patients","volume":"224","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez Requejo","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rev. Clin. Esp."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1907","DOI":"10.1126\/science.282.5395.1907","article-title":"Genetic acceleration of AIDS progression by a promoter variant of CCR5","volume":"282","author":"Martin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1111\/iji.12646","article-title":"CCR5 promoter region polymorphisms in systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"51","author":"De Schauren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunogenet."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-08-237768","article-title":"Donor and recipient chemokine receptor CCR5 genotype is associated with survival after bone marrow transplantation","volume":"115","author":"McDermott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2011.01482.x","article-title":"Epigenetic control of CCR5 transcript levels in immune cells and modulation by small molecules inhibitors","volume":"16","author":"Wierda R.","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C48","first-page":"869","article-title":"Genetic and epigenetic regulation of CCR5 Transcription","volume":"1","author":"Wierda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biology (Basel)"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3390\/v17040465","article-title":"Promoter Methylation of HIV Coreceptor-Related Genes CCR5 and CXCR4: Original Research","volume":"17","author":"Esman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1158\/2326-6066.CIR-17-0159","article-title":"CD137 (4-1BB) Costimulation Modifies DNA Methylation in CD8+ T Cell-Relevant Genes","volume":"6","author":"Aznar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Res."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12977-017-0328-7","article-title":"HIV signaling through CD4 and CCR5 activates Rho family GTPases that are required for optimal infection of primary CD4+ T cells","volume":"14","author":"Lucera","year":"2017","journal-title":"Retrovirology (Auckl)"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0199861","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0199861","article-title":"Dopamine and its receptors play a role in the modulation of CCR5 expression in innate immune cells following exposure to Methamphetamine: Implications to HIV infection","volume":"13","author":"Basova","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2543","DOI":"10.1007\/s11427-022-2323-4","article-title":"m6A mRNA modification potentiates Th17 functions to inflame autoimmunity","volume":"66","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. China Life Sci."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.105234","article-title":"MiRNA-103 downmodulates CCR5 expression reducing human immunodeficiency virus type-1 entry and impacting latency establishment in CD4+ T cells","volume":"25","author":"Bellini","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s10565-021-09679-w","article-title":"Astragalus mongholicus Bunge-Curcuma aromatica Salisb. suppresses growth and metastasis of colorectal cancer cells by inhibiting M2 macrophage polarization via a Sp1\/ZFAS1\/miR-153-3p\/CCR5 regulatory axis","volume":"38","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biol. Toxicol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-019-0406-1","article-title":"CCR5AS lncRNA variation differentially regulates CCR5, influencing HIV disease outcome","volume":"20","author":"Kulkarni","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2024.102405","article-title":"Chromatin remodeling and spatial concerns in DNA double-strand break repair","volume":"90","author":"Downs","year":"2024","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Cell Biol"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2011.32","article-title":"ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling: genetics, genomics and mechanisms","volume":"21","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2023.05.005","article-title":"Canonical BAF complex activity shapes the enhancer landscape that licenses CD8+ T cell effector and memory fates","volume":"56","author":"McDonald","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2011.03.009","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of the chemokine co-receptor CCR5 by the cAMP\/PKA\/CREB pathway","volume":"65","author":"Banerjee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-01-135111","article-title":"CC chemokine receptor 5 gene promoter activation by the cyclic AMP response element binding transcription factor","volume":"112","author":"Kuipers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10529-005-4681-6","article-title":"Induction of RANTES and CCR5 through NF-kappaB activation via MAPK pathway in aged rat gingival tissues","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738481","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.738481","article-title":"Tofacitinib Suppresses Several JAK-STAT Pathways in Rheumatoid Arthritis In Vivo and Baseline Signaling Profile Associates With Treatment Response","volume":"12","author":"Palmroth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00453-7","article-title":"IFN\u03b1 induces CCR5 in CD4+ T cells of HIV patients causing pathogenic elevation","volume":"4","author":"Le Buanec","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun. Med."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.26.1076","article-title":"Interleukin-10-induced CCR5 expression in macrophage like HL-60 cells: involvement of Erk1\/2 and STAT-3","volume":"26","author":"Makuta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers6020897","article-title":"STAT3 Target genes relevant to human cancers","volume":"6","author":"Carpenter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404974","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1404974","article-title":"Advances in Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Foxp3+ Treg) and key factors in digestive malignancies","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.13357","article-title":"FoxP3 in Treg cell biology: a molecular and structural perspective","volume":"199","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02486","article-title":"Foxp3 Post-translational Modifications and Treg Suppressive Activity","volume":"10","author":"Deng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2021.106202","article-title":"Relationship between CCR5+FoxP3+ Treg cells and forced expiratory volume in 1 s, peak expiratory flow in patients with severe asthma","volume":"38","author":"Kraszula","year":"2021","journal-title":"pdia"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1189","DOI":"10.1142\/S0192415X23500544","article-title":"Curcuma Longa Induces the Transcription Factor FOXP3 to Downregulate Human Chemokine CCR5 Expression and Inhibit HIV-1 Infection","volume":"51","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Chin. Med. (Gard City N Y)"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-023-01768-0","article-title":"Epigenetic reprogramming of Runx3 reinforces CD8\u2009+\u2009T-cell function and improves the clinical response to immunotherapy","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242417438","article-title":"Control of CCR5 Cell-Surface Targeting by the PRAF2 Gatekeeper","volume":"24","author":"Da Silva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110765","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2023.1110765","article-title":"JAK\/STAT pathway: Extracellular signals, diseases, immunity, and therapeutic regimens","volume":"11","author":"Hu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.109585","article-title":"Kaempferol modulates IFN-\u03b3 induced JAK-STAT signaling pathway and ameliorates imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions","volume":"114","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41779","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41779","article-title":"IL-17 induces reactive astrocytes and up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through JAK\/STAT signaling","volume":"7","author":"You","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108936","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsi.2023.108936","article-title":"Identification, expression pattern and functional characterization of IFN-\u03b3 involved in activating JAK-STAT pathway in Sebastes schlegeli","volume":"140","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fish Shellfish Immunol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02496-13","article-title":"Ruxolitinib and Tofacitinib Are Potent and Selective Inhibitors of HIV-1 Replication and Virus Reactivation    In Vitro","volume":"58","author":"Gavegnano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05580-y","article-title":"Increased endogenous PKG I activity attenuates EGF-induced proliferation and migration of epithelial ovarian cancer via the MAPK\/ERK pathway","volume":"14","author":"Lan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgae025","article-title":"MIF\/NR3C2 axis regulates glucose metabolism reprogramming in pancreatic cancer through MAPK-ERK and AP-1 pathways","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-020-0441-4","article-title":"CCL3-CCR5 axis contributes to progression of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by promoting cell migration and invasion via Akt and ERK pathways","volume":"100","author":"Kodama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lab. Invest."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3615","DOI":"10.1002\/art.27755","article-title":"The CCL5\/CCR5 axis promotes interleukin-6 production in human synovial fibroblasts","volume":"62","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis & Rheumatism"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.4077\/CJP.2018.BAG584","article-title":"Importance of PLC-Dependent PI3K\/AKT and AMPK Signaling in RANTES\/CCR5 Mediated Macrophage Chemotaxis","volume":"61","author":"Chien","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chin. J. Physiol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3090","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22458","article-title":"Cross-talk between STAT1 and PI3K\/AKT signaling in HIV-1-induced blood\u2013brain barrier dysfunction: Role of CCR5 and implications for viral neuropathogenesis","volume":"88","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4605","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1209496","article-title":"Members of the hSWI\/SNF chromatin remodeling complex associate with and are phosphorylated by protein kinase B\/Akt","volume":"25","author":"Foster","year":"2006","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(00)75003-6","article-title":"TGF-beta signaling by Smad proteins","volume":"75","author":"Miyazono","year":"2000","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114913","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2020.114913","article-title":"Honokiol: A polyphenol neolignan ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis by inhibiting TGF-\u03b2\/Smad signaling, matrix proteins and IL-6\/CD44\/STAT3 axis both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"391","author":"Pulivendala","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1011209","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1011209","article-title":"MAdCAM-1 costimulation in the presence of retinoic acid and TGF-\u03b2 promotes HIV infection and differentiation of CD4+ T cells into CCR5+ TRM-like cells","volume":"19","author":"Vimonpatranon","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5763","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.11.5763","article-title":"Inhibition of CCR5 expression by IL-12 through induction of beta-chemokines in human T lymphocytes","volume":"163","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2026012903495175400_BST-2025-3092C90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.1999.4713","article-title":"Regulation of CCR5 and CXCR4 expression by type 1 and type 2 cytokines: CCR5 expression is downregulated by IL-10 in CD4-positive lymphocytes","volume":"91","author":"Patterson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."}],"container-title":["Biochemical Society Transactions"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article-pdf\/54\/1\/95\/984155\/bst-2025-3092.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article-pdf\/54\/1\/95\/984155\/bst-2025-3092.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T08:50:11Z","timestamp":1769676611000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/biochemsoctrans\/article\/54\/1\/95\/237142\/Mechanisms-of-transcriptional-regulation-of-CCR5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/bst20253092","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-5127","1470-8752"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-5127","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-8752","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}}}