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Vaccines typically induce humoral-mediated protection against rapidly mutating surface glycoproteins, necessitating that they be updated and administered each year. In contrast, CD8+ T cells, which can control and clear viral infections, can recognise more conserved viral epitopes. Therefore, there is considerable interest in understanding CD8+ T cell responses to influenza virus for the development of future vaccines and therapeutics. Although Alphainfluenzavirus influenzae (FLUAV) and Betainfluenzavirus influenzae (FLUBV) co-circulate in humans and both contribute to seasonal epidemics, there is limited data regarding CD8+ T cell responses to FLUBV. This knowledge gap spans both immunological and molecular insights. In the present review, we summarise the current knowledge of FLUBV-derived CD8+ T cell epitopes at both cellular and molecular levels, in comparison with FLUAV. Collectively, this highlights the limited data available on FLUBV, despite its significant role in human influenza infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/bst20260075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T08:12:01Z","timestamp":1785485521000},"page":"1021-1052","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Deciphering influenza B virus-derived peptides and their presentation by HLA class I molecules"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Janesha\u00a0C.","family":"Maddumage","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia"},{"name":"2Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgia\u00a0R.","family":"Dow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia"},{"name":"2Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawton\u00a0D.","family":"Murdolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia"},{"name":"2Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Liwei\u00a0Leong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia"},{"name":"2Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Demetra\u00a0S.M.","family":"Chatzileontiadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia"},{"name":"2Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia"},{"name":"3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7193-9427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma\u00a0J.","family":"Grant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia"},{"name":"2Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia"},{"name":"3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7416-038X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Gras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Infection and Immunity Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia"},{"name":"2Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment (SABE), La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3086, Australia"},{"name":"3Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026073104115866700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2024.102620","article-title":"Shifts in seasonal influenza patterns in Australia during and after COVID-19: a comprehensive analysis","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. 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