{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,8]],"date-time":"2025-04-08T22:04:56Z","timestamp":1744149896944,"version":"3.32.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The palatine tonsils are constantly exposed to ingested or inhaled antigens which, in turn, lead to a permanent activation of tonsillar immune cells, even in a basic physiological state. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the immunological activation of the human palatine tonsil is reflected by a high metabolic activity, as determined by in vivo measurement of protein synthesis. The protein synthesis rate of the tonsil was also compared with that of the circulating T-lymphocytes, the total blood mononuclear cells and the whole population of blood leucocytes. Phenotypic characterization of immune-competent cells in tonsil tissue and blood was performed by flow cytometry. Pinch tonsil biopsies were taken after induction of anaesthesia in healthy adult patients (n=12) scheduled for ear surgery, uvulopalatopharyngoplasty or nose surgery. Protein synthesis was quantitatively determined during a 90-min period by a flooding-dose technique. The in vivo protein synthesis rate in the palatine tonsils was 22.8\u00b15.7%\/24\u00a0h (mean\u00b1S.D.), whereas protein synthesis in the circulating T-lymphocytes was 10.7\u00b13.4%\/24\u00a0h, in mononuclear cells was 10.8\u00b12.8%\/24\u00a0h and in leucocytes was 3.2\u00b11.2%\/24\u00a0h. CD3+ lymphocytes were the most abundant cell population in the tonsil. The in vivo protein synthesis rate in human tonsils was higher compared with the circulating immune cells. This high metabolic rate may reflect the permanent immunological activity present in human tonsils, although cell phenotypes and activity markers do not explain the differences.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20040271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,21]],"date-time":"2005-01-21T11:23:30Z","timestamp":1106306610000},"page":"179-184","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Determination of<i>in vivo<\/i>protein synthesis in human palatine tonsil"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"JANUSZKIEWICZ","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"KLAUDE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"LOR\u00c9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"ANDERSSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olle","family":"RINGD\u00c9N","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm S141 86, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olav","family":"ROOYACKERS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"WERNERMAN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital at Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 141 86, Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120120351835900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2001.27204","article-title":"A combined stress hormone infusion decreases in vivo protein synthesis in human T lymphocytes in healthy volunteers","volume":"50","author":"Januszkiewicz","year":"2001","journal-title":"Metab., Clin. 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