{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T10:23:55Z","timestamp":1792319035703,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":167,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) family and its receptors are essential regulators of angiogenesis and vascular permeability. Currently, the VEGF family consists of VEGF-A, PlGF (placenta growth factor), VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D, VEGF-E and snake venom VEGF. VEGF-A has at least nine subtypes due to the alternative splicing of a single gene. Although the VEGF165 isoform plays a central role in vascular development, recent studies have demonstrated that each VEGF isoform plays distinct roles in vascular patterning and arterial development. VEGF-A binds to and activates two tyrosine kinase receptors, VEGFR (VEGF receptor)-1 and VEGFR-2. VEGFR-2 mediates most of the endothelial growth and survival signals, but VEGFR-1-mediated signalling plays important roles in pathological conditions such as cancer, ischaemia and inflammation. In solid tumours, VEGF-A and its receptor are involved in carcinogenesis, invasion and distant metastasis as well as tumour angiogenesis. VEGF-A also has a neuroprotective effect on hypoxic motor neurons, and is a modifier of ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). Recent progress in the molecular and biological understanding of the VEGF\/VEGFR system provides us with novel and promising therapeutic strategies and target proteins for overcoming a variety of diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20040370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,24]],"date-time":"2005-08-24T08:54:59Z","timestamp":1124873699000},"page":"227-241","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":783,"title":["The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)\/VEGF receptor system and its role under physiological and pathological conditions"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Genetics, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masabumi","family":"Shibuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Genetics, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokane-dai, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8639, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120120471669900_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1306","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2479986","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor is a secreted angiogenic mitogen","volume":"246","author":"Leung","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2479987","article-title":"Vascular permeability factor, an endothelial cell mitogen related to PDGF","volume":"246","author":"Keck","year":"1989","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B3","first-page":"519","article-title":"Nucleotide sequence and expression of a novel human receptor-type tyrosine kinase gene (flt) closely related to the fms family","volume":"5","author":"Shibuya","year":"1990","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9026","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.20.9026","article-title":"A receptor tyrosine kinase cDNA isolated from a population of enriched primitive hematopoietic cells and exhibiting close genetic linkage to c-kit","volume":"88","author":"Matthews","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B5","first-page":"1677","article-title":"Identification of a new endothelial cell growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase","volume":"6","author":"Terman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI114322","article-title":"Tumor vascular permeability factor stimulates endothelial cell growth and angiogenesis","volume":"84","author":"Connolly","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(89)92678-8","article-title":"Pituitary follicular cells secrete a novel heparin-binding growth factor specific for vascular endothelial cells","volume":"161","author":"Ferrara","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6823562","article-title":"Tumor cells secrete a vascular permeability factor that promotes accumulation of ascites fluid","volume":"219","author":"Senger","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7192","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.14.7192","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor: crystal structure and functional mapping of the kinase domain receptor binding site","volume":"94","author":"Muller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1806","DOI":"10.1210\/mend-5-12-1806","article-title":"The vascular endothelial growth factor family: identification of a fourth molecular species and characterization of alternative splicing of RNA","volume":"5","author":"Houck","year":"1991","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11947","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99049-6","article-title":"The human gene for vascular endothelial growth factor. Multiple protein forms are encoded through alternative exon splicing.","volume":"266","author":"Tischer","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.8.1493","article-title":"Assignment of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene to human chromosome 6p21.3","volume":"93","author":"Vincenti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17164","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M212224200","article-title":"VEGF162, a new heparin-binding vascular endothelial growth factor splice form that is expressed in transformed human cells","volume":"278","author":"Lange","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/S1537-1891(03)00011-9","article-title":"Regulation of vascular permeability by vascular endothelial growth factors","volume":"39","author":"Bates","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vascul. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7822","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-0934","article-title":"VEGF165b, an inhibitory vascular endothelial growth factor splice variant: mechanism of action, in vivo effect on angiogenesis and endogenous protein expression","volume":"64","author":"Woolard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv.18.1.0287","article-title":"The biology of vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"18","author":"Ferrara","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3801","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V96.12.3801","article-title":"Ligation of CD40 induces the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor by endothelial cells and monocytes and promotes angiogenesis in vivo","volume":"96","author":"Melter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B18","first-page":"4140","article-title":"Peripheral blood T lymphocytes and lymphocytes infiltrating human cancers express vascular endothelial growth factor: a potential role for T cells in angiogenesis","volume":"55","author":"Freeman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13390","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.20.13390","article-title":"Extracellular cleavage of the vascular endothelial growth factor 189-amino acid form by urokinase is required for its mitogenic effect","volume":"272","author":"Plouet","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81402-6","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 is expressed by endothelial and tumor cells as an isoform-specific receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"92","author":"Soker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18040","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M909259199","article-title":"Neuropilin-2 and neuropilin-1 are receptors for the 165-amino acid form of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and of placenta growth factor-2, but only neuropilin-2 functions as a receptor for the 145-amino acid form of VEGF","volume":"275","author":"Gluzman-Poltorak","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/8379","article-title":"Impaired myocardial angiogenesis and ischemic cardiomyopathy in mice lacking the vascular endothelial growth factor isoforms VEGF164 and VEGF188","volume":"5","author":"Carmeliet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.242002","article-title":"Spatially restricted patterning cues provided by heparin-binding VEGF-A control blood vessel branching morphogenesis","volume":"16","author":"Ruhrberg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI0214362","article-title":"Arteriolar and venular patterning in retinas of mice selectively expressing VEGF isoforms","volume":"109","author":"Stalmans","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200419383","article-title":"Soluble VEGF isoforms are essential for establishing epiphyseal vascularization and regulating chondrocyte development and survival","volume":"113","author":"Maes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059817","article-title":"HIF\u03b1 targeted for VHL-mediated destruction by proline hydroxylation: implications for O2 sensing","volume":"292","author":"Ivan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059796","article-title":"Targeting of HIF-\u03b1 to the von Hippel\u2013Lindau ubiquitylation complex by O2-regulated prolyl hydroxylation","volume":"292","author":"Jaakkola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1068592","article-title":"Asparagine hydroxylation of the HIF transactivation domain a hypoxic switch","volume":"295","author":"Lando","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2004.08.025","article-title":"JunD reduces tumor angiogenesis by protecting cells from oxidative stress","volume":"118","author":"Gerald","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6417","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.11.6417","article-title":"Hypoxic stabilization of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA by the RNA-binding protein HuR","volume":"273","author":"Levy","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34217","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M400219200","article-title":"Poly(A)-binding protein-interacting protein 2, a strong regulator of vascular endothelial growth factor mRNA","volume":"279","author":"Onesto","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2004.04.003","article-title":"Constitutive and inducible expression and regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"15","author":"Xie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9267","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.20.9267","article-title":"Isolation of a human placenta cDNA coding for a protein related to the vascular permeability factor","volume":"88","author":"Maglione","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B34","first-page":"31","article-title":"Structure, expression and receptor-binding properties of placental growth factor (PlGF)","volume":"237","author":"Persico","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25646","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)47298-5","article-title":"Placenta growth factor Potentiation of vascular endothelial growth factor bioactivity, in vitro and in vivo, and high affinity binding to Flt-1 but not to Flk-1\/KDR","volume":"269","author":"Park","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B36","first-page":"213","article-title":"Flt-1 but not KDR\/Flk-1 tyrosine kinase is a receptor for placenta growth factor, which is related to vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"7","author":"Sawano","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell Growth Differ."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B37","first-page":"925","article-title":"Two alternative mRNAs coding for the angiogenic factor, placenta growth factor (PlGF), are transcribed from a single gene of chromosome 14","volume":"8","author":"Maglione","year":"1993","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6813","article-title":"Placenta growth factor: identification and characterization of a novel isoform generated by RNA alternative splicing","volume":"235","author":"Cao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0378(03)00082-2","article-title":"Evidence of a novel isoform of placenta growth factor (PlGF-4) expressed in human trophoblast and endothelial cells","volume":"60","author":"Yang","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12153","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M008055200","article-title":"The crystal structure of human placenta growth factor-1 (PlGF-1), an angiogenic protein, at 2.0 A resolution","volume":"276","author":"Iyer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10382","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M313237200","article-title":"The crystal structure of placental growth factor in complex with domain 2 of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1","volume":"279","author":"Christinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43929","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M401418200","article-title":"Identification of placenta growth factor determinants for binding and activation of Flt-1 receptor","volume":"279","author":"Errico","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/87904","article-title":"Synergism between vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor contributes to angiogenesis and plasma extravasation in pathological conditions","volume":"7","author":"Carmeliet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1016\/S0958-1669(99)00024-5","article-title":"Current biology of VEGF-B and VEGF-C","volume":"10","author":"Olofsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E29","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.86.2.e29","article-title":"Mice lacking the vascular endothelial growth factor-B gene (Vegfb) have smaller hearts, dysfunctional coronary vasculature, and impaired recovery from cardiac ischemia","volume":"86","author":"Bellomo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.104.3.358","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor-B-deficient mice display an atrial conduction defect","volume":"104","author":"Aase","year":"2001","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11232","article-title":"Vegfb gene knockout mice display reduced pathology and synovial angiogenesis in both antigen-induced and collagen-induced models of arthritis","volume":"48","author":"Mould","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000134477.38980.38","article-title":"Increased severity of cerebral ischemic injury in vascular endothelial growth factor-B-deficient mice","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1160\/TH03-04-0200","article-title":"Lymphangiogenic growth factors, receptors and therapies","volume":"90","author":"Lohela","year":"2003","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemostasis"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030361","article-title":"Plasmin activates the lymphangiogenic growth factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D","volume":"198","author":"McColl","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5317.1423","article-title":"Hyperplasia of lymphatic vessels in VEGF-C transgenic mice","volume":"276","author":"Jeltsch","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1013","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor C is required for sprouting of the first lymphatic vessels from embryonic veins","volume":"5","author":"Karkkainen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/84635","article-title":"VEGF-D promotes the metastatic spread of tumor cells via the lymphatics","volume":"7","author":"Stacker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.68.1.84-92.1994","article-title":"Homologs of vascular endothelial growth factor are encoded by the poxvirus orf virus","volume":"68","author":"Lyttle","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3071","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.6.3071","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-like protein from orf virus NZ2 binds to VEGFR2 and neuropilin-1","volume":"96","author":"Wise","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31273","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.47.31273","article-title":"A novel type of vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-E (NZ-7 VEGF), preferentially utilizes KDR\/Flk-1 receptor and carries a potent mitotic activity without heparin-binding domain","volume":"273","author":"Ogawa","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38004","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M301194200","article-title":"Viral vascular endothelial growth factors vary extensively in amino acid sequence, receptor-binding specificities, and the ability to induce vascular permeability yet are uniformly active mitogens","volume":"278","author":"Wise","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/18.2.363","article-title":"A novel vascular endothelial growth factor encoded by Orf virus, VEGF-E, mediates angiogenesis via signalling through VEGFR-2 (KDR) but not VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) receptor tyrosine kinases","volume":"18","author":"Meyer","year":"1999","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)03033-4","article-title":"VEGFR-2-specific ligand VEGF-E induces non-edematous hyper-vascularization in mice","volume":"301","author":"Kiba","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39836","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M106531200","article-title":"Molecular cloning and expression of a functional snake venom vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) from the Bothrops insularis pit viper. A new member of the VEGF family of proteins","volume":"276","author":"Junqueira\u00a0de\u00a0Azevedo","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46304","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M403687200","article-title":"A novel snake venom vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) predominantly induces vascular permeability through preferential signaling via VEGF receptor-1","volume":"279","author":"Takahashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11796","DOI":"10.1021\/bi990562z","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF-like heparin-binding protein from the venom of Vipera aspis aspis (Aspic viper)","volume":"38","author":"Komori","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29992","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M202202200","article-title":"Complete structure of an increasing capillary permeability protein (ICPP) purified from Vipera lebetina venom. ICPP is angiogenic via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signalling","volume":"277","author":"Gasmi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51985","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C300454200","article-title":"Snake venom vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) exhibit potent activity through their specific recognition of KDR (VEGF receptor 2)","volume":"278","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.3.785","article-title":"Flt-1, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, is a novel cell surface marker for the lineage of monocyte-macrophages in humans","volume":"97","author":"Sawano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1038\/nm740","article-title":"Placental growth factor reconstitutes hematopoiesis by recruiting VEGFR1+ stem cells from bone-marrow microenvironment","volume":"8","author":"Hattori","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80456-0","article-title":"Crystal structure at 1.7 A resolution of VEGF in complex with domain 2 of the Flt-1 receptor","volume":"91","author":"Wiesmann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2138","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203533","article-title":"Roles of two VEGF receptors, Flt-1 and KDR, in the signal transduction of VEGF effects in human vascular endothelial cells","volume":"19","author":"Kanno","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1996.1355","article-title":"Identification of a natural soluble form of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, FLT-1, and its heterodimerization with KDR","volume":"226","author":"Kendall","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10121","article-title":"Significance of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)\/soluble VEGF receptor-1 relationship in breast cancer","volume":"98","author":"Toi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000037547.46809.83","article-title":"Implications of vascular endothelial growth factor, sFlt-1, and sTie-2 in plasma, serum and cerebrospinal fluid during cerebral ischemia in man","volume":"23","author":"Scheufler","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031884","article-title":"Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia","volume":"350","author":"Levine","year":"2004","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17189","article-title":"Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia","volume":"111","author":"Maynard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11197","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.18.11197","article-title":"Requirements for binding and signaling of the kinase domain receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"273","author":"Fuh","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B75","first-page":"5687","article-title":"Expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor gene, KDR, in hematopoietic cells and inhibitory effect of VEGF on apoptotic cell death caused by ionizing radiation","volume":"55","author":"Katoh","year":"1995","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2768","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.11.2768","article-title":"A single autophosphorylation site on KDR\/Flk-1 is essential for VEGF-A-dependent activation of PLC-\u03b3 and DNA synthesis in vascular endothelial cells","volume":"20","author":"Takahashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6059","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.9.6059","article-title":"VRAP is an adaptor protein that binds KDR, a receptor for vascular endothelial cell growth factor","volume":"275","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3470501","article-title":"The Shc-related adaptor protein, Sck, forms a complex with the vascular-endothelial-growth-factor receptor KDR in transfected cells","volume":"347","author":"Warner","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22267","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M312729200","article-title":"The adaptor protein shb binds to tyrosine 1175 in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor-2 and regulates VEGF-dependent cellular migration","volume":"279","author":"Holmqvist","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20021244","article-title":"Vascular permeability factor\/vascular endothelial growth factor induces lymphangiogenesis as well as angiogenesis","volume":"196","author":"Nagy","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-1179fje","article-title":"VEGF-A promotes tissue repair-associated lymphatic vessel formation via VEGFR-2 and the \u03b11\u03b21 and \u03b12\u03b21 integrins","volume":"18","author":"Hong","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30336","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.46.30336","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor regulates endothelial cell survival through the phosphatidylinositol 3\u2032-kinase\/Akt signal transduction pathway. Requirement for Flk-1\/KDR activation","volume":"273","author":"Gerber","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16349","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.23.16349","article-title":"Akt mediates cytoprotection of endothelial cells by vascular endothelial growth factor in an anchorage-dependent manner","volume":"274","author":"Fujio","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B84","first-page":"851","article-title":"A mechanism for modulation of cellular responses to VEGF: activation of the integrins","volume":"6","author":"Byzova","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.315.2.6","article-title":"A naturally occurring soluble form of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 detected in mouse and human plasma","volume":"2","author":"Ebos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1038\/84651","article-title":"Inhibition of lymphangiogenesis with resulting lymphedema in transgenic mice expressing soluble VEGF receptor-3","volume":"7","author":"Makinen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.6.1223","article-title":"Signalling via vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 is sufficient for lymphangiogenesis in transgenic mice","volume":"20","author":"Veikkola","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4762","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/20.17.4762","article-title":"Isolated lymphatic endothelial cells transduce growth, survival and migratory signals via the VEGF-C\/D receptor VEGFR-3","volume":"20","author":"Makinen","year":"2001","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1078","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 mediates induction of corneal alloimmunity","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/S1050-1738(01)00140-2","article-title":"The neuropilins: multifunctional semaphorin and VEGF receptors that modulate axon guidance and angiogenesis","volume":"12","author":"Neufeld","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80062-8","article-title":"Plexin-neuropilin-1 complexes form functional semaphorin-3A receptors","volume":"99","author":"Takahashi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(01)00216-1","article-title":"Plexina1 autoinhibition by the plexin sema domain","volume":"29","author":"Takahashi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25520","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M102315200","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 and neuropilin-1 form a receptor complex that is responsible for the differential signaling potency of VEGF165 and VEGF121","volume":"276","author":"Whitaker","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.10140","article-title":"VEGF165 mediates formation of complexes containing VEGFR-2 and neuropilin-1 that enhance VEGF165-receptor binding","volume":"85","author":"Soker","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4309","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.121.12.4309","article-title":"Overexpression of a membrane protein, neuropilin, in chimeric mice causes anomalies in the cardiovascular system, nervous system and limbs","volume":"121","author":"Kitsukawa","year":"1995","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4895","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.126.21.4895","article-title":"A requirement for neuropilin-1 in embryonic vessel formation","volume":"126","author":"Kawasaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4797","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.129.20.4797","article-title":"Abnormal lymphatic vessel development in neuropilin 2 mutant mice","volume":"129","author":"Yuan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1038\/380435a0","article-title":"Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele","volume":"380","author":"Carmeliet","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1038\/380439a0","article-title":"Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the VEGF gene","volume":"380","author":"Ferrara","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3941","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.127.18.3941","article-title":"Embryonic development is disrupted by modest increases in vascular endothelial growth factor gene expression","volume":"127","author":"Miquerol","year":"2000","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/376066a0","article-title":"Role of the Flt-1 receptor tyrosine kinase in regulating the assembly of vascular endothelium","volume":"376","author":"Fong","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1038\/376062a0","article-title":"Failure of blood-island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1-deficient mice","volume":"376","author":"Shalaby","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9349","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.16.9349","article-title":"Flt-1 lacking the tyrosine kinase domain is sufficient for normal development and angiogenesis in mice","volume":"95","author":"Hiratsuka","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2221","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1202527","article-title":"VEGF activates protein kinase C-dependent, but Ras-independent Raf-MEK-MAP kinase pathway for DNA synthesis in primary endothelial cells","volume":"18","author":"Takahashi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404984102","article-title":"Essential role of Flk-1 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2) tyrosine residue 1173 in vasculogenesis in mice","volume":"102","author":"Sakurai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207034","article-title":"Phosphorylation of tyrosine 1214 on VEGFR2 is required for VEGF-induced activation of Cdc42 upstream of SAPK2\/p38","volume":"23","author":"Lamalice","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26776","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.38.26776","article-title":"p70 S6 kinase-mediated protein synthesis is a critical step for vascular endothelial cell proliferation","volume":"274","author":"Vinals","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-12-4260","article-title":"Puromycin-insensitive leucyl-specific aminopeptidase (PILSAP) binds and catalyzes PDK1, allowing VEGF-stimulated activation of S6K for endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis","volume":"104","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4828","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1207633","article-title":"Activation of diacylglycerol kinase \u03b1 is required for VEGF-induced angiogenic signaling in vitro","volume":"23","author":"Baldanzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1264","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-1232fje","article-title":"Serum response factor is a critical requirement for VEGF signaling in endothelial cells and VEGF-induced angiogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Chai","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000139956.42923.4A","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor activation of sterol regulatory element binding protein: a potential role in angiogenesis","volume":"95","author":"Zhou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000136522.58649.60","article-title":"IQGAP1, a novel vascular endothelial growth factor receptor binding protein, is involved in reactive oxygen species\u2013dependent endothelial migration and proliferation","volume":"95","author":"Yamaoka-Tojo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200421152","article-title":"Vasohibin as an endothelium-derived negative feedback regulator of angiogenesis","volume":"114","author":"Watanabe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-01-0273","article-title":"Down syndrome critical region protein 1 (DSCR1), a novel VEGF target gene that regulates expression of inflammatory markers on activated endothelial cells","volume":"104","author":"Hesser","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50537","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M406454200","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor- and thrombin-induced termination factor, down syndrome critical region-1, attenuates endothelial cell proliferation and angiogenesis","volume":"279","author":"Minami","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B116","first-page":"2652","article-title":"Significant expression of vascular endothelial growth factor\/vascular permeability factor in mouse ascites tumors","volume":"58","author":"Luo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B117","first-page":"3364","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor levels and induction of permeability in malignant pleural effusions","volume":"5","author":"Zebrowski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15099","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.24.15099","article-title":"Vascular permeability factor\/vascular endothelial cell growth factor-mediated permeability occurs through disorganization of endothelial junctional proteins","volume":"273","author":"Kevil","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(00)80221-X","article-title":"Selective requirement for Src kinases during VEGF-induced angiogenesis and vascular permeability","volume":"4","author":"Eliceiri","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200420702","article-title":"Src blockade stabilizes a Flk\/cadherin complex, reducing edema and tissue injury following myocardial infarction","volume":"113","author":"Weis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B121","first-page":"713","article-title":"Role of nitric oxide in tumor microcirculation. Blood flow, vascular permeability, and leukocyte-endothelial interactions","volume":"150","author":"Fukumura","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2604","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.041359198","article-title":"Predominant role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenesis and vascular permeability","volume":"98","author":"Fukumura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1038\/21218","article-title":"Regulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production by the protein kinase Akt","volume":"399","author":"Fulton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/21224","article-title":"Activation of nitric oxide synthase in endothelial cells by Akt-dependent phosphorylation","volume":"399","author":"Dimmeler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000055324.34758.32","article-title":"Small GTP-binding protein Rac is an essential mediator of vascular endothelial growth factor-induced endothelial fenestrations and vascular permeability","volume":"107","author":"Eriksson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0329fje","article-title":"p38 MAP kinase\u2013a molecular switch between VEGF-induced angiogenesis and vascular hyperpermeability","volume":"17","author":"Issbrucker","year":"2003","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81731-6","article-title":"Tumor induction of VEGF promoter activity in stromal cells","volume":"94","author":"Fukumura","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0295-149","article-title":"Dormancy of micrometastases: balanced proliferation and apoptosis in the presence of angiogenesis suppression","volume":"1","author":"Holmgren","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd1381","article-title":"Discovery and development of bevacizumab, an anti-VEGF antibody for treating cancer","volume":"3","author":"Ferrara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B130","first-page":"1207","article-title":"Involvement of Flt-1 tyrosine kinase (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1) in pathological angiogenesis","volume":"61","author":"Hiratsuka","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1038\/nm884","article-title":"Role of PlGF in the intra- and intermolecular cross talk between the VEGF receptors Flt1 and Flk1","volume":"9","author":"Autiero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20218","article-title":"Halting the interaction between vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors attenuates liver carcinogenesis in mice","volume":"39","author":"Yoshiji","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B133","first-page":"1760","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors, flt-1 and flk-1, are expressed in normal pancreatic islets and throughout islet cell tumorigenesis","volume":"9","author":"Christofori","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S1535-6108(02)00031-4","article-title":"VEGF-A has a critical, nonredundant role in angiogenic switching and pancreatic \u03b2 cell carcinogenesis","volume":"1","author":"Inoue","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1038\/35036374","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-9 triggers the angiogenic switch during carcinogenesis","volume":"2","author":"Bergers","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200408130","article-title":"Endothelial barrier disruption by VEGF-mediated Src activity potentiates tumor cell extravasation and metastasis","volume":"167","author":"Weis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.04.035","article-title":"Disruption of hepatocellular tight junctions by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF): a novel mechanism for tumor invasion","volume":"41","author":"Schmitt","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S1535-6108(02)00153-8","article-title":"MMP9 induction by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 is involved in lung-specific metastasis","volume":"2","author":"Hiratsuka","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2335","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032691","article-title":"Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer","volume":"350","author":"Hurwitz","year":"2004","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0996-992","article-title":"During angiogenesis, vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor regulate natural killer cell adhesion to tumor endothelium","volume":"2","author":"Melder","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7614","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M009705200","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), and E-selectin through nuclear factor-\u03baB activation in endothelial cells","volume":"276","author":"Kim","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3336","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.8.3336.bloodjournal8783336","article-title":"Migration of human monocytes in response to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is mediated via the VEGF receptor flt-1","volume":"87","author":"Barleon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1998.00262.x","article-title":"Increased microvascular density and enhanced leukocyte rolling and adhesion in the skin of VEGF transgenic mice","volume":"111","author":"Detmar","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-08-2964","article-title":"Induction of cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions in VEGF-A transgenic mice results in chronic skin inflammation associated with persistent lymphatic hyperplasia","volume":"104","author":"Kunstfeld","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2002-05-1516","article-title":"A critical role of placental growth factor in the induction of inflammation and edema formation","volume":"101","author":"Oura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5824","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.11.5824","article-title":"Possible involvement of the vascular endothelial growth factor-Flt-1-focal adhesion kinase pathway in chemotaxis and the cell proliferation of osteoclast precursor cells in arthritic joints","volume":"168","author":"Matsumoto","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/nm731","article-title":"Revascularization of ischemic tissues by PlGF treatment, and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, arthritis and atherosclerosis by anti-Flt1","volume":"8","author":"Luttun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4853","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.9.4853","article-title":"Blockade of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor I (VEGF-RI), but not VEGF-RII, suppresses joint destruction in the K\/BxN model of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"171","author":"De\u00a0Bandt","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.115628","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with acute asthma","volume":"107","author":"Lee","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1067\/mai.2001.115626","article-title":"Gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors and angiogenesis in bronchial asthma","volume":"107","author":"Hoshino","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1105","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces remodeling and enhances TH2-mediated sensitization and inflammation in the lung","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17712","article-title":"Proinflammatory functions of vascular endothelial growth factor in alloimmunity","volume":"112","author":"Reinders","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000147161.42956.80","article-title":"Essential role of vascular endothelial growth factor and Flt-1 signals in neointimal formation after periadventitial injury","volume":"24","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler., Thromb., Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)64964-4","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression precedes neovascularization after cerebral ischemia","volume":"156","author":"Marti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI8218","article-title":"VEGF antagonism reduces edema formation and tissue damage after ischemia\/reperfusion injury in the mouse brain","volume":"104","author":"van\u00a0Bruggen","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/84675","article-title":"Src deficiency or blockade of Src activity in mice provides cerebral protection following stroke","volume":"7","author":"Paul","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200317977","article-title":"VEGF-induced neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"111","author":"Sun","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1097\/01.WCB.0000126236.54306.21","article-title":"Neuroprotection of ischemic brain by vascular endothelial growth factor is critically dependent on proper dosage and may be compromised by angiogenesis","volume":"24","author":"Manoonkitiwongsa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6537","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1206773","article-title":"Ocular neovascularization: a valuable model system","volume":"22","author":"Campochiaro","year":"2003","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2805","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa042760","article-title":"Pegaptanib for neovascular age-related macular degeneration","volume":"351","author":"Gragoudas","year":"2004","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/88842","article-title":"Deletion of the hypoxia-response element in the vascular endothelial growth factor promoter causes motor neuron degeneration","volume":"28","author":"Oosthuyse","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1211","article-title":"VEGF is a modifier of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in mice and humans and protects motoneurons against ischemic death","volume":"34","author":"Lambrechts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02544","article-title":"VEGF delivery with retrogradely transported lentivector prolongs survival in a mouse ALS model","volume":"429","author":"Azzouz","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1360","article-title":"Treatment of motoneuron degeneration by intracerebroventricular delivery of VEGF in a rat model of ALS","volume":"8","author":"Storkebaum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079562","article-title":"Angiogenesis-independent endothelial protection of liver: role of VEGFR-1","volume":"299","author":"LeCouter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40973","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304499200","article-title":"Ligand-induced vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) heterodimerization with VEGFR-2 in primary lymphatic endothelial cells regulates tyrosine phosphorylation sites","volume":"278","author":"Dixelius","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021120120471669900_B167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1395","article-title":"VEGF links hippocampal activity with neurogenesis, learning and memory","volume":"36","author":"Cao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."}],"container-title":["Clinical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/clinsci\/article-pdf\/109\/3\/227\/436899\/cs1090227.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/clinsci\/article-pdf\/109\/3\/227\/436899\/cs1090227.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,4]],"date-time":"2023-05-04T04:18:43Z","timestamp":1683173923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/clinsci\/article\/109\/3\/227\/68359\/The-vascular-endothelial-growth-factor-VEGF-VEGF"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,24]]},"references-count":167,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/cs20040370","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-5221","1470-8736"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-5221","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-8736","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,8,24]]}}}