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In the present review, the role of the MAPKs ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) and p38 MAPK in cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac remodelling after myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis and vascular restenosis will be examined, with attention paid to genetically modified murine model systems and to the use of pharmacological inhibitors of protein kinases. Despite the complexities of this field of research, attractive targets for pharmacological therapy are emerging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20070430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,3]],"date-time":"2008-09-03T05:13:02Z","timestamp":1220418782000},"page":"203-218","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":444,"title":["MAPK signalling in cardiovascular health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Anthony\u00a0J.","family":"Muslin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Cardiovascular Research, John Milliken Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, U.S.A., and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO 63110, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021120120512042100_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1851331","article-title":"Inhibition of PDGF\u03b2 receptor signal transduction by coexpression of a truncated receptor","volume":"252","author":"Ueno","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021120120512042100_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(92)90167-B","article-title":"The SH2 and SH3 domain-containing protein GRB2 links receptor tyrosine kinases to ras signaling","volume":"70","author":"Lowenstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021120120512042100_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/363045a0","article-title":"Association of Sos Ras exchange protein with Grb2 is implicated in tyrosine kinase signal transduction and transformation","volume":"363","author":"Egan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021120120512042100_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1038\/360689a0","article-title":"Association of the Shc and Grb2\/Sem5 SH2-containing proteins is implicated in activation of the Ras pathway by tyrosine kinases","volume":"360","author":"Rozakis-Adcock","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021120120512042100_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90146-H","article-title":"Epidermal growth factor regulates p21ras through the formation of a complex of receptor, Grb2 adapter protein, and Sos nucleotide exchange factor","volume":"7","author":"Buday","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021120120512042100_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8493579","article-title":"Human Sos1: a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Ras that binds to GRB2","volume":"260","author":"Chardin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021120120512042100_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8316835","article-title":"The function of GRB2 in linking the insulin receptor to Ras signaling pathways","volume":"260","author":"Skolnik","year":"1993","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2021120120512042100_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1173","article-title":"Transactivation joins multiple tracks to the ERK\/MAPK cascade","volume":"4","author":"Wetzker","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. 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