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In the last decade, evidence from pre-clinical and clinical studies has revealed the participation of CXCR3 and its ligands in multiple cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) of different aetiologies including atherosclerosis, hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure, as well as in heart transplant rejection and transplant coronary artery disease (CAD). CXCR3 ligands have also proven to be valid biomarkers for the development of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction, suggesting an underlining pathophysiological relation between levels of these chemokines and the development of adverse cardiac remodelling. The observation that several of the above-mentioned chemokines exert biological actions independent of CXCR3 provides both opportunities and challenges for developing effective drug strategies. In this review, we provide evidence to support our contention that CXCR3 and its ligands actively participate in the development and progression of CVDs, and may additionally have utility as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20150666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]],"date-time":"2016-02-17T22:14:01Z","timestamp":1455747241000},"page":"463-478","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Emerging importance of chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligands in cardiovascular diseases"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Raffaele","family":"Altara","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216\u20134505, U.S.A."},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216\u20134505, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Manca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DG-DI, Medical Applications, CERN, 1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita\u00a0D.","family":"Brand\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maastricht Science Programme, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asad","family":"Zeidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George\u00a0W.","family":"Booz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216\u20134505, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fouad\u00a0A.","family":"Zouein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, American University of Beirut Faculty of Medicine, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021113010462639300_B1","author":"WHO","year":"2014"},{"key":"2021113010462639300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.009522","article-title":"Promoting global cardiovascular health: moving forward","volume":"123","author":"Fuster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021113010462639300_B3","first-page":"208","volume-title":"Inflammation in Heart Failure","author":"Blankesteijn","year":"2014","edition":"1st edn"},{"key":"2021113010462639300_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199007263230405","article-title":"Elevated circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor in severe chronic heart failure","volume":"323","author":"Levine","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. 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