{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:39:41Z","timestamp":1790667581325,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"15","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]],"date-time":"2019-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1121,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We hypothesize that: (1) L-tryptophan (Trp) is greatly utilized and not depleted in pregnancy; (2) fetal tolerance is achieved in part through immunosuppressive kynurenine (Kyn) metabolites produced by the flux of plasma free (non-albumin-bound) Trp down the Kyn pathway; (3) the role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in infection is not related to limitation of an essential amino acid, but is rather associated with stress responses and the production of Kyn metabolites that regulate the activities of antigen presenting cells and T-cells, as well as increased NAD+ synthesis in IDO-expressing cells; (4) Trp depletion is not a host defence mechanism, but is a consequence of Trp utilization. We recommend that future studies in normal and abnormal pregnancies and in patients with infections or cancer should include measurements of plasma free Trp, determinants of Trp binding (albumin and non-esterified fatty acids), total Trp, determinants of activities of the Trp-degrading enzymes Trp 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) (cortisol) and IDO (cytokines) and levels of Kyn metabolites. We also hypothesize that abnormal pregnancies and failure to combat infections or cancer may be associated with excessive Trp metabolism that can lead to pathological immunosuppression by excessive production of Kyn metabolites. Mounting evidence from many laboratories indicates that Trp metabolites are key regulators of immune cell behaviour, whereas Trp depletion is an indicator of extensive utilization of this key amino acid.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20160153","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,30]],"date-time":"2016-06-30T01:59:35Z","timestamp":1467251975000},"page":"1327-1333","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":91,"title":["The end of the road for the tryptophan depletion concept in pregnancy and infection"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"130","author":[{"given":"Abdulla\u00a0A.-B.","family":"Badawy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Western Avenue, Cardiff CF5 2YB, Wales, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aryan\u00a0M.A.","family":"Namboodiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John\u00a0R.","family":"Moffett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics and Neuroscience Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021113010424668800_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.57.3.845-849.1989","article-title":"Role of tryptophan degradation in respiratory burst-independent antimicrobial activity of gamma interferon-stimulated human macrophages","volume":"57","author":"Murray","year":"1989","journal-title":"Infect. 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