{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T12:21:13Z","timestamp":1789042873607,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"22","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]],"date-time":"2019-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":626,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The main goal of treating hypertension is to reduce blood pressure to physiological levels and thereby prevent risk of cardiovascular disease and hypertension-associated target organ damage. Despite reductions in major risk factors and the availability of a plethora of effective antihypertensive drugs, the control of blood pressure to target values is still poor due to multiple factors including apparent drug resistance and lack of adherence. An explanation for this problem is related to the current reductionist and \u2018trial-and-error\u2019 approach in the management of hypertension, as we may oversimplify the complex nature of the disease and not pay enough attention to the heterogeneity of the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of the disorder. Taking into account specific risk factors, genetic phenotype, pharmacokinetic characteristics, and other particular features unique to each patient, would allow a personalized approach to managing the disease. Personalized medicine therefore represents the tailoring of medical approach and treatment to the individual characteristics of each patient and is expected to become the paradigm of future healthcare. The advancement of systems biology research and the rapid development of high-throughput technologies, as well as the characterization of different \u2013omics, have contributed to a shift in modern biological and medical research from traditional hypothesis-driven designs toward data-driven studies and have facilitated the evolution of personalized or precision medicine for chronic diseases such as hypertension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20160407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,7]],"date-time":"2017-11-07T01:10:23Z","timestamp":1510017023000},"page":"2671-2685","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Personalized medicine\u2014a modern approach for the diagnosis and management of hypertension"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"131","author":[{"given":"Carmine","family":"Savoia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Cardiology Unit Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Volpe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Molecular Medicine Department, Cardiology Unit Sant\u2019Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (Is), Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica Medica, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University Milano-Bicocca, Milan, IRCCS Multimedica, Sesto San Giovanni, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Borghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrico","family":"Agabiti Rosei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Clinica Medica, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhian\u00a0M.","family":"Touyz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021113010543874700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.290.2.199","article-title":"Trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the United States, 1988\u20132000","volume":"290","author":"Hajjar","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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