{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T05:11:07Z","timestamp":1789967467205,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a hepatic enzyme that regulates the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) receptor and thus circulating LDL-c levels. With overwhelming evidence now supporting the reduction in LDL-c to lower the risk of cardiovascular disease, PCSK9 inhibitors represent an important therapeutic target, particularly in high-risk populations. Here, we summarise and update the science of PCSK9, including its discovery and the development of various inhibitors, including the now approved monoclonal antibodies. In addition, we summarise the clinical applications of PCSK9 inhibitors in a range of patient populations, as well as the major randomised controlled trials investigating their use in coronary prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20171300","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T14:16:38Z","timestamp":1548166598000},"page":"205-224","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["PCSK9 inhibition 2018: riding a new wave of coronary prevention"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"133","author":[{"given":"Natalie C.","family":"Ward","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Curtin University, Perth, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael M.","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"},{"name":"PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2276-1524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerald F.","family":"Watts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia"},{"name":"Lipid Disorders Clinic, Department of Cardiology, Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021113011020146500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx144","article-title":"Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel","volume":"38","author":"Ference","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"2021113011020146500_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvw194","article-title":"Biology of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9: beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering","volume":"112","author":"Norata","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"2021113011020146500_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20140755","article-title":"Recent advances in the understanding and care of familial hypercholesterolaemia: significance of the biology and therapeutic regulation of proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9","volume":"129","author":"Page","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. (Lond.)"},{"key":"2021113011020146500_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-med-042716-091351","article-title":"PCSK9 inhibitors: mechanisms of action, metabolic effects, and clinical outcomes","volume":"69","author":"Hess","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"2021113011020146500_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.016080","article-title":"Proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9 inhibition: a new therapeutic mechanism for reducing cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"132","author":"Bergeron","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021113011020146500_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1038\/ng1161","article-title":"Mutations in PCSK9 cause autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia","volume":"34","author":"Abifadel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. 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