{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:39:16Z","timestamp":1790422756154,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of kidney stones and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are increasing throughout the world. Both diseases are chronic and characterized by accumulation of oxidized proteins and lipids in the renal tissue and arterial wall, respectively. Emerging studies have revealed a positive association between nephrolithiasis and CVDs. Based on preclinical and clinical evidences, this review discusses: (i) stone forming risk factors, crystal nucleation, aggregation, injury-induced crystal retention, and stone formation, (ii) CVD risk factors such as dyslipidemia, perturbation of gut microbiome, obesity, free radical-induced lipoprotein oxidation, and retention in the arterial wall, subsequent foam cell formation, and atherosclerosis, (iii) mechanism by which stone forming risk factors such as oxalate, calcium, uric acid, and infection contribute toward CVDs, and (iv) how CVD risk factors, such as cholesterol, phospholipids, and uric acid, contribute to kidney stone formation are described.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20171574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]],"date-time":"2018-03-20T11:20:24Z","timestamp":1521544824000},"page":"615-626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":51,"title":["Cross-talk between renal lithogenesis and atherosclerosis: an unveiled link between kidney stone formation and cardiovascular diseases"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"132","author":[{"given":"Asokan","family":"Devarajan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021113011035493200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-015-0754-8","article-title":"Anecdotes of lithogenesis and atherogenesis conversely liable for cardiac dysfunction and kidney stone formation","volume":"43","author":"Devarajan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-001-0228-z","article-title":"Calcium oxalate stone disease: role of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants","volume":"30","author":"Selvam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Urol. Res."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/35025203","article-title":"Atherosclerosis","volume":"407","author":"Lusis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.03.052","article-title":"Prevalence of kidney stones in the United States","volume":"62","author":"Scales","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Urol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000485","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics-2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"135","author":"Benjamin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000152","article-title":"Heart disease and stroke statistics\u20132015 update: a report from the American Heart Association","volume":"131","author":"Mozaffarian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B7","first-page":"285","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and nephrolithiasis","volume":"3","author":"Ramaswamy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570674","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/570674","article-title":"The association of metabolic syndrome and urolithiasis","volume":"2015","author":"Wong","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v3.i4.237","article-title":"Role of insulin resistance in uric acid nephrolithiasis","volume":"3","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Nephrol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3109\/21681805.2014.903513","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome: a multifaceted risk factor for kidney stones","volume":"48","author":"Domingos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B11","first-page":"371","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and nephrolithiasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the scientific evidence","volume":"27","author":"Rendina","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-011-0448-9","article-title":"Is oxidative stress, a link between nephrolithiasis and obesity, hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, metabolic syndrome?","volume":"40","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Urol. Res."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-014-0705-9","article-title":"Unified theory on the pathogenesis of Randall\u2019s plaques and plugs","volume":"43","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B14","first-page":"597","article-title":"Heterogeneous nucleation of calcium oxalate crystals in mammalian urine","volume":"9","author":"Khan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scan. Microsc."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2015.67","article-title":"Stone formation and management after bariatric surgery","volume":"12","author":"Tarplin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B16","first-page":"1419","article-title":"Mechanisms of stone formation\u2013an overview","author":"Finlayson","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scan. Elect. Microsc."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000283025","article-title":"Interactions between stone-forming calcific crystals and macromolecules","volume":"59","author":"Khan","year":"1997","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-003-0316-3","article-title":"Oxalate binding proteins in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis","volume":"31","author":"Selvam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Urol. Res."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B19","first-page":"442","article-title":"The expectation of free and fixed particles in urinary stone disease","volume":"15","author":"Finlayson","year":"1978","journal-title":"Invest. Urol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00307936","article-title":"Calcium oxalate crystal interaction with renal tubular epithelium, mechanism of crystal adhesion and its impact on stone development","volume":"23","author":"Khan","year":"1995","journal-title":"Urol. Res."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/bju.12642","article-title":"Oxalate at physiological urine concentrations induces oxidative injury in renal epithelial cells: effect of alpha-tocopherol and ascorbic acid","volume":"114","author":"Thamilselvan","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2002.02849.x","article-title":"An oxalate-binding protein with crystal growth promoter activity from human kidney stone matrix","volume":"90","author":"Govindaraj","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e43886","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0043886","article-title":"Genome wide analysis of differentially expressed genes in HK-2 cells, a line of human kidney epithelial cells in response to oxalate","volume":"7","author":"Koul","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p23","DOI":"10.1159\/000077599","article-title":"Modulatory effect of the 23-kD calcium oxalate monohydrate binding protein on calcium oxalate stone formation during oxalate stress","volume":"97","author":"Asokan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephron Physiol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41949","DOI":"10.1038\/srep41949","article-title":"Size-dependent cellular uptake mechanism and cytotoxicity toward calcium oxalate on Vero cells","volume":"7","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1995.320","article-title":"Calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals stimulate gene expression in renal epithelial cells","volume":"48","author":"Hammes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg140","article-title":"Increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) by renal epithelial cells in culture on exposure to calcium oxalate, phosphate and uric acid crystals","volume":"18","author":"Umekawa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"35167","DOI":"10.1038\/srep35167","article-title":"M1\/M2-macrophage phenotypes regulate renal calcium oxalate crystal development","volume":"6","author":"Taguchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016040486","article-title":"Hyperoxaluria requires TNF receptors to initiate crystal adhesion and kidney stone disease","volume":"28","author":"Mulay","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362941","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/362941","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility to atherosclerosis","volume":"2012","author":"Kovacic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Stroke Res. Treatment"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e20","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.100.4.e20","article-title":"Infection and atherosclerosis: emerging mechanistic paradigms","volume":"100","author":"Epstein","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1160\/TH11-06-0392","article-title":"Pathogens and atherosclerosis: update on the potential contribution of multiple infectious organisms to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis","volume":"106","author":"Rosenfeld","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S145","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R800036-JLR200","article-title":"The role of dysfunctional HDL in atherosclerosis","volume":"50","author":"Navab","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1832","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.676890","article-title":"Subendothelial lipoprotein retention as the initiating process in atherosclerosis: update and therapeutic implications","volume":"116","author":"Tabas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119602","article-title":"Subendothelial retention of lipoprotein (a). Evidence that reduced heparan sulfate promotes lipoprotein binding to subendothelial matrix","volume":"100","author":"Pillarisetti","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2938","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.743161","article-title":"Vascular calcification: pathobiology of a multifaceted disease","volume":"117","author":"Demer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.07.062","article-title":"Phosphate and pyrophosphate mediate PKA-induced vascular cell calcification","volume":"374","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2009.09.006","article-title":"Role of matrix vesicles in biomineralization","volume":"1790","author":"Golub","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-199604000-00009","article-title":"The atherosclerosis-calcification link?","volume":"7","author":"Watson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.5551\/jat1994.3.90","article-title":"Role of molecular regulation in vascular calcification","volume":"3","author":"Parhami","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6409","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.447805","article-title":"Manganese supplementation reduces high glucose-induced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and endothelial dysfunction in Zucker diabetic fatty rats","volume":"288","author":"Burlet","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000258809.47285.07","article-title":"Deficiency of glutathione peroxidase-1 accelerates the progression of atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"27","author":"Torzewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Throm. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.23929","article-title":"Emerging roles of mitochondria ROS in atherosclerotic lesions: causation or association?","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atheroscler. Thromb."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1996.09324.x","article-title":"Increased urinary excretion of lipids by patients with kidney stones","volume":"77","author":"Khan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br. J. Urol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2450","DOI":"10.1021\/la052503u","article-title":"Role of lipids in urinary stones: studies of calcium oxalate precipitation at phospholipid langmuir monolayers","volume":"22","author":"Talham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1007\/s002400000144","article-title":"Nephrocalcinosis and hyperlipidemia in rats fed a cholesterol- and fat-rich diet: association with hyperoxaluria, altered kidney and bone minerals, and renal tissue phospholipid-calcium interaction","volume":"28","author":"Schmiedl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urol. Res."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2010.02661.x","article-title":"Calcium oxalate crystal deposition in metabolic syndrome model rat kidneys","volume":"17","author":"Okamoto","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Urol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-014-2144-x","article-title":"Malonyldialdehyde and glyoxal act differently on low-density lipoproteins and endotheliocytes","volume":"396","author":"Kumskova","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819202","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/819202","article-title":"Glyoxal formation and its role in endogenous oxalate synthesis","volume":"2012","author":"Lange","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Urol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.26098","article-title":"Cytokine production induced by binding and processing of calcium oxalate crystals in cultured macrophages","volume":"38","author":"de Water","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.01.013","article-title":"A paracrine mechanism involving renal tubular cells, adipocytes and macrophages promotes kidney stone formation in a simulated metabolic syndrome environment","volume":"191","author":"Zuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(89)90110-8","article-title":"Relationship between hypertriglyceridemia and uric acid production in primary gout","volume":"38","author":"Matsubara","year":"1989","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2015.06.021","article-title":"Reactive oxygen species derived from xanthine oxidase interrupt dimerization of breast cancer resistance protein, resulting in suppression of uric acid excretion to the intestinal lumen","volume":"97","author":"Ogura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2014.99","article-title":"Renal struvite stones\u2013pathogenesis, microbiology, and management strategies","volume":"11","author":"Flannigan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3008","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs139","article-title":"Calcium nephrolithiasis, metabolic syndrome and the cardiovascular risk","volume":"27","author":"Gambaro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-014-0719-3","article-title":"Dyslipidemia is associated with an increased risk of nephrolithiasis","volume":"43","author":"Masterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.03.021","article-title":"Association between metabolic syndrome and the presence of kidney stones in a screened population","volume":"58","author":"Jeong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2589","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1301","article-title":"Hyperinsulinemia and urinary calcium excretion in calcium stone formers with idiopathic hypercalciuria","volume":"98","author":"Yoon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2014.0135","article-title":"Hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterolemia are associated with increased hazard for urolithiasis","volume":"28","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Endourol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2012.713298","article-title":"Association between body mass index, lipid profiles, and types of urinary stones","volume":"34","author":"Inci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.10.086","article-title":"Kidney stones and subclinical atherosclerosis in young adults: the CARDIA study","volume":"185","author":"Reiner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.02.007","article-title":"Diabetic kidney stone formers excrete more oxalate and have lower urine pH than nondiabetic stone formers","volume":"183","author":"Eisner","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.4.455","article-title":"Obesity, weight gain, and the risk of kidney stones","volume":"293","author":"Taylor","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2003.11.023","article-title":"Oxalic acid alters intracellular calcium in endothelial cells","volume":"173","author":"Recht","year":"2004","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.8879","article-title":"Macrophage polarization in inflammatory diseases","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0137350","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0137350","article-title":"Altered calcium and vitamin D homeostasis in first-time calcium kidney stone-formers","volume":"10","author":"Ketha","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637065","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/637065","article-title":"Vascular calcification and renal bone disorders","volume":"2014","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"ScientificWorldJournal"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00396.x","article-title":"Calcium oxalate crystal localization and osteopontin immunostaining in genetic hypercalciuric stone-forming rats","volume":"65","author":"Evan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2002.00106.x","article-title":"Oxalate ions and calcium oxalate crystals stimulate MCP-1 expression by renal epithelial cells","volume":"61","author":"Umekawa","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"p43","DOI":"10.1159\/000080263","article-title":"Osteopontin and calcium stone formation","volume":"98","author":"Kleinman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nephron Physiol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0b013e3283441d0b","article-title":"Osteopontin plasma levels and accelerated atherosclerosis in patients with CAD undergoing PCI: a prospective clinical study","volume":"22","author":"Mazzone","year":"2011","journal-title":"Coron. Artery Dis."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000074878.29805.D0","article-title":"Osteopontin deficiency attenuates atherosclerosis in female apolipoprotein E-deficient mice","volume":"23","author":"Matsui","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.007","article-title":"Uric acid as one of the important factors in multifactorial disorders\u2013facts and controversies","volume":"22","author":"Pasalic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochem. Med."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2007.01.005","article-title":"Xanthine oxidoreductase is a regulator of adipogenesis and PPARgamma activity","volume":"5","author":"Cheung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4554","DOI":"10.1038\/srep04554","article-title":"Xanthine oxidase inhibition by febuxostat attenuates experimental atherosclerosis in mice","volume":"4","author":"Nomura","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v5.i6.787","article-title":"Linking uric acid metabolism to diabetic complications","volume":"5","author":"Kushiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000072820.07472.3B","article-title":"Uric acid stimulates monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in vascular smooth muscle cells via mitogen-activated protein kinase and cyclooxygenase-2","volume":"41","author":"Kanellis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3197","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-247148","article-title":"Uric acid induces endothelial dysfunction by vascular insulin resistance associated with the impairment of nitric oxide synthesis","volume":"28","author":"Choi","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40732","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M112.399899","article-title":"Uric acid induces hepatic steatosis by generation of mitochondrial oxidative stress: potential role in fructose-dependent and -independent fatty liver","volume":"287","author":"Lanaspa","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol Chem."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.58.1.6","article-title":"Therapeutic effects of xanthine oxidase inhibitors: renaissance half a century after the discovery of allopurinol","volume":"58","author":"Pacher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.03.017","article-title":"Kidney stones and cardiovascular risk: a meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"64","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2847","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000002847","article-title":"Association between kidney stones and risk of stroke: a nationwide population-based cohort study","volume":"95","author":"Lin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.10.001","article-title":"Coronary artery calcium score and association with recurrent nephrolithiasis: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"195","author":"Hsi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-2714.145477","article-title":"The risk of coronary heart disease in patients with kidney stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"Cheungpasitporn","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.8780","article-title":"History of kidney stones and the risk of coronary heart disease","volume":"310","author":"Ferraro","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-004-0430-x","article-title":"Calcium oxalate monohydrate binding protein: a diagnostic biomarker for calcium oxalate kidney stone formers","volume":"32","author":"Asokan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Urol. Res."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2012.04.103","article-title":"Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonist, decreases renal crystal deposition, oxidative stress and inflammation in hyperoxaluric rats","volume":"188","author":"Taguchi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"2021113011035493200_B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12144","article-title":"Pioglitazone and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of controlled studies","volume":"30","author":"Ferwana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Med."}],"container-title":["Clinical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/clinsci\/article-pdf\/132\/6\/615\/446414\/cs-2017-1574.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/clinsci\/article-pdf\/132\/6\/615\/446414\/cs-2017-1574.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T11:58:25Z","timestamp":1638273505000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/clinsci\/article\/132\/6\/615\/72125\/Cross-talk-between-renal-lithogenesis-and"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/cs20171574","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-5221","1470-8736"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-5221","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-8736","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]]}}}