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Loss in muscle mass cannot alone account for the muscle weakness induced by RA, but instead intramuscular dysfunction appears as a critical factor underlying the decreased force generating capacity for patients afflicted by arthritis. Oxidative stress and associated oxidative post-translational modifications have been shown to contribute to RA-induced muscle weakness in animal models of arthritis and patients with RA. However, it is still unclear how and which sources of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS\/RNS) that are involved in the oxidative stress that drives the progression toward decreased muscle function in RA. Nevertheless, mitochondria, NADPH oxidases (NOX), nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and phospholipases (PLA) have all been associated with increased ROS\/RNS production in RA-induced muscle weakness. In this review, we aim to cover potential ROS sources and underlying mechanisms of oxidative stress and loss of force production in RA. We also addressed the use of antioxidants and exercise as potential tools to counteract oxidative stress and skeletal muscle weakness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20190728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T10:01:18Z","timestamp":1604484078000},"page":"2835-2850","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Skeletal muscle redox signaling in rheumatoid arthritis"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"134","author":[{"given":"Maarten\u00a0M.","family":"Steinz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estela","family":"Santos-Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna\u00a0T.","family":"Lanner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology laboratory, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021113011171288000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S265","DOI":"10.1186\/ar578","article-title":"Epidemiology and Genetics of Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"4","author":"Silman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arthritis Res."},{"key":"2021113011171288000_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18001","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2018.1","article-title":"Rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"4","author":"Smolen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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