{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:05:58Z","timestamp":1791907558917,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/2.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Senescence and mitochondrial stress are mutually reinforcing age-related processes that contribute to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF); a lethal disease that manifests primarily in the elderly. Whilst evidence is accumulating that GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is crucial in perpetuating senescence by binding damaged DNA released into the cytosol, its role in IPF is not known. The present study examines the contributions of cGAS and self DNA to the senescence of lung fibroblasts from IPF patients (IPF-LFs) and age-matched controls (Ctrl-LFs). cGAS immunoreactivity was observed in regions of fibrosis associated with fibroblasts in lung tissue of IPF patients. Pharmacological inhibition of cGAS or its knockdown by silencing RNA (siRNA) diminished the escalation of IPF-LF senescence in culture over 7 days as measured by decreased p21 and p16 expression, histone 2AX\u03b3 phosphorylation and\/or IL-6 production (P &amp;lt; 0.05, n = 5\u20138). The targeting of cGAS also attenuated etoposide-induced senescence in Ctrl-LFs (P &amp;lt; 0.05, n = 5\u20138). Levels of mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) detected by qPCR in the cytosol and medium of IPF-LFs or senescence-induced Ctrl-LFs were higher than Ctrl-LFs at baseline (P &amp;lt; 0.05, n = 5\u20137). The addition of DNAse I (100 U\/ml) deaccelerated IPF-LF senescence (P &amp;lt; 0.05, n = 5), whereas ectopic mDNA or the induction of endogenous mDNA release augmented Ctrl-LF senescence in a cGAS-dependent manner (P &amp;lt; 0.05, n = 5). In conclusion, we provide evidence that cGAS reinforces lung fibroblast senescence involving damaged self DNA. The targeting of cGAS to supress senescent-like responses may have potential important therapeutic implications in the treatment of IPF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20191160","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T06:46:08Z","timestamp":1585291568000},"page":"889-905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Self DNA perpetuates IPF lung fibroblast senescence in a cGAS-dependent manner"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6742-5028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Schuliga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaj\u00a0E.C.","family":"Blokland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and COPD and KOLFF Institute, Netherlands"},{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council Centre of Research Excellence in Pulmonary Fibrosis, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David\u00a0W.","family":"Waters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janette","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Asthma and COPD and KOLFF Institute, Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecilia","family":"Pr\u00eale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia"},{"name":"Ear Science Institute Australia, Subiaco, WA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven\u00a0E.","family":"Mutsaers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Respiratory Health, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jade","family":"Jaffar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen","family":"Westall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Reid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allen","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Grainge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"John Hunter Hospital, Newcastle, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darryl\u00a0A.","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Providence Health Care Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021113011112559200_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00777","article-title":"The Processes and Mechanisms of Cardiac and Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"8","author":"Murtha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Frontiers in Physiol."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2014.03.016","article-title":"Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: evolving concepts","volume":"89","author":"Ryu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402582","article-title":"A phase 3 trial of pirfenidone in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"370","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2071","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1402584","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of nintedanib in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"370","author":"Richeldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L162","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00037.2018","article-title":"Fibroblast senescence in the pathology of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"315","author":"Waters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2018.0601","article-title":"The Role of Pathological Aging in Cardiac and Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Murtha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2004.09.034","article-title":"Human cell senescence as a DNA damage response","volume":"126","author":"von Zglinicki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/msb.2010.5","article-title":"Feedback between p21 and reactive oxygen production is necessary for cell senescence","volume":"6","author":"Passos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Syst. Biol."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02118","article-title":"A DNA damage checkpoint response in telomere-initiated senescence","volume":"426","author":"d'Adda di Fagagna","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1038\/emboj.2012.132","article-title":"Oncogene-induced telomere dysfunction enforces cellular senescence in human cancer precursor lesions","volume":"31","author":"Suram","year":"2012","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI95148","article-title":"Mechanisms and functions of cellular senescence","volume":"128","author":"Herranz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200509-1374OC","article-title":"Alveolar cell senescence in patients with pulmonary emphysema","volume":"174","author":"Tsuji","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa066157","article-title":"Telomerase mutations in families with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"356","author":"Armanios","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pii: 1602367","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.02367-2016","article-title":"Senolytic drugs target alveolar epithelial cell function and attenuate experimental lung fibrosis ex vivo","volume":"50","author":"Lehmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e86704","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.86704","article-title":"Telomere dysfunction in alveolar epithelial cells causes lung remodeling and fibrosis","volume":"1","author":"Naikawadi","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2013.06.004","article-title":"Premature lung aging and cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and COPD\/emphysema","volume":"162","author":"Chilosi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl. Res."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231ra47","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3008182","article-title":"Reversal of persistent fibrosis in aging by targeting Nox4-Nrf2 redox imbalance","volume":"6","author":"Hecker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14532","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14532","article-title":"Cellular senescence mediates fibrotic pulmonary disease","volume":"8","author":"Schafer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2003-0290OC","article-title":"Cigarette smoke induces senescence in alveolar epithelial cells","volume":"31","author":"Tsuji","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L772","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00553.2016","article-title":"Annexin A2 contributes to lung injury and fibrosis by augmenting factor Xa fibrogenic activity","volume":"312","author":"Schuliga","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5847","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13855","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the senescent phenotype of IPF lung fibroblasts","volume":"22","author":"Schuliga","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B22","first-page":"PA2172","article-title":"Small airway fibroblasts from COPD patients are senescent and pro-fibrotic","volume":"52","author":"Wrench","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B23","first-page":"664","article-title":"Cellular senescence-like features of lung fibroblasts derived from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients","volume":"7","author":"Yanai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging (Albany N.Y.)"},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.21","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA in innate immune responses and inflammatory pathology","volume":"17","author":"West","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E4612","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1705499114","article-title":"cGAS is essential for cellular senescence","volume":"114","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201612-2480OC","article-title":"Extracellular Mitochondrial DNA is Generated by Fibroblasts and Predicts Death in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis","volume":"196","author":"Ryu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0361OC","article-title":"Fibrillar collagen clamps lung mesenchymal cells in a nonproliferative and noncontractile phenotype","volume":"41","author":"Schuliga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"801.e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.02.038","article-title":"Interleukin-1beta Induces mtDNA Release to Activate Innate Immune Signaling via cGAS-STING","volume":"74","author":"Aarreberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L584","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00312.2009","article-title":"Airway smooth muscle remodels pericellular collagen fibrils: implications for proliferation","volume":"298","author":"Schuliga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-1875-1_3","article-title":"PCR based determination of mitochondrial DNA copy number in multiple species","volume":"1241","author":"Rooney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14156","article-title":"Mitochondrial DNA stress primes the antiviral innate immune response","volume":"520","author":"West","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300e11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.06.026","article-title":"Structure of the Human cGAS-DNA Complex Reveals Enhanced Control of Immune Surveillance","volume":"174","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180139","article-title":"The cGAS-cGAMP-STING pathway connects DNA damage to inflammation, senescence, and cancer","volume":"215","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3586","article-title":"Innate immune sensing of cytosolic chromatin fragments through cGAS promotes senescence","volume":"19","author":"Gluck","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9390","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.13.9390","article-title":"Initiation of DNA fragmentation during apoptosis induces phosphorylation of H2AX histone at serine 139","volume":"275","author":"Rogakou","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e621","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2013.146","article-title":"Histone modifications are responsible for decreased Fas expression and apoptosis resistance in fibrotic lung fibroblasts","volume":"4","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Death. Dis."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2008-0201OC","article-title":"WNT5A is a regulator of fibroblast proliferation and resistance to apoptosis","volume":"41","author":"Vuga","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"pii: e88150","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.88150","article-title":"Increased mitochondrial DNA deletions and copy number in transfusion-dependent thalassemia","volume":"1","author":"Lal","year":"2016","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57ra82","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001510","article-title":"TLR9 differentiates rapidly from slowly progressing forms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis","volume":"2","author":"Trujillo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0218003","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218003","article-title":"PINK1 attenuates mtDNA release in alveolar epithelial cells and TLR9 mediated profibrotic responses","volume":"14","author":"Bueno","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2018.01.090","article-title":"A Cell-Intrinsic Interferon-like Response Links Replication Stress to Cellular Aging Caused by Progerin","volume":"22","author":"Kreienkamp","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2311","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.197954.112","article-title":"Nuclear lamina defects cause ATM-dependent NF-kappaB activation and link accelerated aging to a systemic inflammatory response","volume":"26","author":"Osorio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2018-0328OC","article-title":"STAT3 Regulates the Onset of Oxidant-Induced Senescence in Lung Fibroblasts","volume":"61","author":"Waters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201592862","article-title":"Mitochondria are required for pro-ageing features of the senescent phenotype","volume":"35","author":"Correia-Melo","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L1164","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00220.2017","article-title":"IPF lung fibroblasts have a senescent phenotype","volume":"313","author":"Alvarez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.12.052","article-title":"Senolytics in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Results from a first-in-human, open-label, pilot study","volume":"40","author":"Justice","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00833-9","article-title":"Small molecule inhibition of cGAS reduces interferon expression in primary macrophages from autoimmune mice","volume":"8","author":"Vincent","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B48","first-page":"4157","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide enhances DNA-induced IFN-beta expression and autophagy by upregulating cGAS expression in A549 cells","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3075","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-116929","article-title":"Genomic-DNA Exposed By Somatic Gene Mutations Engages the cGAS\/STING Axis to License the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Myelodysplastic Syndromes","volume":"132","author":"McLemore","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2261","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08620-4","article-title":"Development of human cGAS-specific small-molecule inhibitors for repression of dsDNA-triggered interferon expression","volume":"10","author":"Lama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.4155\/fmc-2017-0322","article-title":"Suramin potently inhibits cGAMP synthase, cGAS, in THP1 cells to modulate IFN-beta levels","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Future Med. Chem."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2010090956","article-title":"Suramin inhibits renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"2021113011112559200_B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5226","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-07425-1","article-title":"STING-dependent sensing of self-DNA drives silica-induced lung inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Benmerzoug","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Clinical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/clinsci\/article-pdf\/134\/7\/889\/871982\/cs-2019-1160.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/clinsci\/article-pdf\/134\/7\/889\/871982\/cs-2019-1160.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T07:10:22Z","timestamp":1638256222000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/clinsci\/article\/134\/7\/889\/222487\/Self-DNA-perpetuates-IPF-lung-fibroblast"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/cs20191160","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-5221","1470-8736"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-5221","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-8736","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}}}