{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:03:27Z","timestamp":1790485407991,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"21","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,13]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) is well-known for its role in blood pressure regulation via the renin\u2013angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS) but also functions in fertility, immunity, haematopoiesis and diseases such as obesity, fibrosis and Alzheimer\u2019s dementia. Like ACE, the human homologue ACE2 is also involved in blood pressure regulation and cleaves a range of substrates involved in different physiological processes. Importantly, it is the functional receptor for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV)-2 responsible for the 2020, coronavirus infectious disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Understanding the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 is crucial for the design of therapies to combat this disease. This review provides a comparative analysis of methodologies and findings to describe how structural biology techniques like X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy have enabled remarkable discoveries into the structure\u2013function relationship of ACE and ACE2. This, in turn, has enabled the development of ACE inhibitors for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and candidate therapies for the treatment of COVID-19. However, despite these advances the function of ACE homologues in non-human organisms is not yet fully understood. ACE homologues have been discovered in the tissues, body fluids and venom of species from diverse lineages and are known to have important functions in fertility, envenoming and insect\u2013host defence mechanisms. We, therefore, further highlight the need for structural insight into insect and venom ACE homologues for the potential development of novel anti-venoms and insecticides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20200899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]],"date-time":"2020-11-04T10:01:23Z","timestamp":1604484083000},"page":"2851-2871","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["ACE2 and ACE: structure-based insights into mechanism, regulation and receptor recognition by SARS-CoV"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"134","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9905-1438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizelle","family":"Lubbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, Republic of South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2851-0902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gyles\u00a0E.","family":"Cozier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delia","family":"Oosthuizen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, Republic of South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3009-4058","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.\u00a0Ravi","family":"Acharya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2 7AY, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2032-7636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward\u00a0D.","family":"Sturrock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town 7925, Republic of South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021113011171473000_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.103.3.295","article-title":"The preparation and function of the hypertensin-converting enzyme","volume":"103","author":"Skeggs","year":"1956","journal-title":"J. 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