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In the present study, pregnant Wistar rats were used to model repeated cycles of IF on fetal development and placental function and to examine sex-specific effects. In the IF group, food was withdrawn daily from 17:00 to 09:00 over 21 days of gestation, while the control group received food ad libitum. Both groups had free water access. IF dams consumed less food, had significantly reduced weight compared with controls, with reduced plasma glucose and amino acids. Both fetal sexes were significantly lighter in the IF group with reduced fetal plasma amino acids. Placental weights and morphology were unchanged. The profile of placental metabolites was altered in the IF group with sex-specific responses evident. Transplacental flux of 14C-methylaminoisobutyric acid (14C-MeAIB), a system A amino acid transporter substrate, was significantly reduced in both fetal sexes in the IF group. Sodium-dependent 14C-MeAIB uptake into isolated placental plasma membrane vesicles was unchanged. The gene expression of system A transporter Slc38a1, Slc38a2 and Slc38a4 was up-regulated in IF male placentas only. No changes were observed in placental SNAT1 and SNAT2 protein expression. Maternal IF results in detrimental impacts on maternal physiology and fetal development with changes in the placental and fetal metabolite profiles. Reduced placental system A transporter activity may be responsible for fetal growth restriction in both sexes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20210137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T05:33:19Z","timestamp":1621402399000},"page":"1445-1466","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Maternal intermittent fasting during pregnancy induces fetal growth restriction and down-regulated placental system A amino acid transport in the rat"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"135","author":[{"given":"Alaa","family":"Alkhalefah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Maternal and Fetal Health Research Centre, Division of Developmental Biology and Medicine, St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9WL, U.K."},{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warwick\u00a0B.","family":"Dunn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K."},{"name":"Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James\u00a0W.","family":"Allwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kate\u00a0L.","family":"Parry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franchesca\u00a0D.","family":"Houghton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, School of Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nick","family":"Ashton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9NT, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4215-5727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jocelyn\u00a0D.","family":"Glazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021113011212751500_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1159\/000295848","article-title":"Islamic fasting and health","volume":"56","author":"Azizi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. 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