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After years of legal restriction, research on hemp has recently demonstrated antiviral activities in silico, in vitro, and in vivo for cannabidiol (CBD), \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabigerolic acid (CBGA), and several other cannabinoids against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and \u03b3-herpes viruses. Mechanisms of action include inhibition of viral cell entry, inhibition of viral proteases, and stimulation of cellular innate immune responses. The anti-inflammatory properties of cannabinoids are also under investigation for mitigating the cytokine storm of COVID-19 and controlling chronic inflammation in people living with HIV. Retrospective clinical studies support antiviral activities of CBD, \u03949-THC, and cannabinoid mixtures as do some prospective clinical trials, but appropriately designed clinical trials of safety and efficacy of antiviral cannabinoids are urgently needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20220193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]],"date-time":"2023-04-21T08:49:00Z","timestamp":1682066940000},"page":"633-643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Antiviral activities of hemp cannabinoids"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"137","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2016-0063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard\u00a0B.","family":"van Breemen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Linus Pauling Institute, Global Hemp Innovation Center, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Drive, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Simchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Linus Pauling Institute, Global Hemp Innovation Center, Oregon State University, 2900 SW Campus Drive, Corvallis, OR 97331, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023042108483143400_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1007\/s00334-016-0579-6","article-title":"Cannabis in Eurasia: origin of human use and Bronze Age trans-continental connections","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2017","journal-title":"Veg. 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