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The complex interplay of molecular mechanisms contributing to the altered regulation of muscle protein balance during disuse have been investigated but rarely synthesised in the context of humans. This narrative review discusses human models of muscle disuse and the ensuing inversely exponential rate of muscle atrophy. The molecular processes contributing to altered protein balance are explored, with a particular focus on growth and breakdown signalling pathways, mitochondrial adaptations and neuromuscular dysfunction. Finally, key research gaps within the disuse atrophy literature are highlighted providing future avenues to enhance our mechanistic understanding of human disuse atrophy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20231198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]],"date-time":"2024-06-19T03:58:06Z","timestamp":1718769486000},"page":"741-756","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Skeletal muscle immobilisation-induced atrophy: mechanistic insights from human studies"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"138","author":[{"given":"Colleen\u00a0S.","family":"Deane","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Piasecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (CoMAP), Medical Research Council\/Versus Arthritis UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research (CMAR), National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip\u00a0J.","family":"Atherton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Centre of Metabolism, Ageing and Physiology (CoMAP), Medical Research Council\/Versus Arthritis UK Centre of Excellence for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research (CMAR), National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), University of Nottingham, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024061907575618300_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"990S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/127.5.990S","article-title":"Sarcopenia: origins and clinical relevance","volume":"127","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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