{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T09:05:16Z","timestamp":1785488716108,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic cholestatic liver disease often associated with underlying inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study investigates how PSC predisposes individuals to altered inflammatory immune responses compared with IBD alone. A case\u2013control study was conducted with a cohort of 75 patients, including 16 with PSC (14 with concomitant IBD), 39 with IBD alone, and 20 controls. Serum bile acid profile, proteomic analysis, and immune-related gene expression in the colon tissue were examined. Colonic tissue from PSC patients exhibited up-regulation of immune regulation and inflammatory signaling mRNA markers, including LGR5, IL-8, CCL2, COX2, TWIST1, and SNAIL. Additionally, PSC patients displayed a distinct proinflammatory serum proteomic signature and moderate elevation of some bile acids, such as glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA). Co-incubation of human-derived monocytes with GCDCA partially replicated the inflammatory profile observed in PSC. These findings suggest that circulating bile acids modulate the peripheral immune system proinflammatory response, contributing to the unique PSC phenotype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20256078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,6]],"date-time":"2025-06-06T11:48:42Z","timestamp":1749210522000},"page":"703-716","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Primary bile acid shapes peripheral immunity in inflammatory bowel disease-associated primary sclerosing cholangitis"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3248-1051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andr\u00e9 A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2CIIS \u2013 Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Interdisciplinar em Sa\u00fade, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Cat\u00f3lica Portuguesa, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanda","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Alesina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Herraez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"4Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Roudnick\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Mendel Centre of Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro M.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"6Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain"},{"name":"7Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Godinho-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana Catarina","family":"Bravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital Beatriz \u00c2ngelo, Loures, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catarina","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital Beatriz \u00c2ngelo, Loures, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Saraiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"8Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital Beatriz \u00c2ngelo, Loures, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Correia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"9Division of Gastroenterology, ULS Santa Maria, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Crespo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"10Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital Lus\u00edadas, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Pereira","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"10Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital Lus\u00edadas, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00edlia","family":"Cravo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"11Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital da Luz, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Potesil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Mendel Centre of Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zbyn\u011bk","family":"Zdr\u00e1hal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Mendel Centre of Plant Genomics and Proteomics, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus M.","family":"Banales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"6Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biogipuzkoa Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), San Sebastian, Spain"},{"name":"7Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain"},{"name":"12Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose J.G.","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEPHARM), Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain"},{"name":"4Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joana","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"8Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital Beatriz \u00c2ngelo, Loures, Portugal"},{"name":"11Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital da Luz, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cec\u00edlia M.P.","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2022.05.011","article-title":"EASL Clinical Practice guidelines on sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"77","author":"Chazouilleres","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2019.01.156","article-title":"Experience in liver transplantation due to primary sclerosing cholangitis: a single center experience","volume":"51","author":"Emek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.livres.2017.12.002","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis: a review and update","volume":"1","author":"Tabibian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Liver Res."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31652","article-title":"Bile acid profiles in primary sclerosing cholangitis and their ability to predict hepatic decompensation","volume":"74","author":"Mousa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.09.032","article-title":"Bile acid metabolism and signalling in liver disease","volume":"82","author":"Fuchs","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-01811-6","article-title":"Bile acid metabolism and signaling in health and disease: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets","volume":"9","author":"Fleishman","year":"2024","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.136","article-title":"Environmental triggers in IBD: a review of progress and evidence","volume":"15","author":"Ananthakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2023.09.031","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis: One disease or two?","volume":"80","author":"Bergquist","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.733992","article-title":"The gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"12","author":"Qiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13552","article-title":"The features of mucosa-associated microbiota in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"43","author":"Torres","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640617708953","article-title":"The gut microbiota, bile acids and their correlation in primary sclerosing cholangitis associated with inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"6","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02372-x","article-title":"Antigen-driven colonic inflammation is associated with development of dysplasia in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"29","author":"Shaw","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2016.08.046","article-title":"Comparison of simple extraction procedures in liquid chromatography\u2fffmass spectrometry based determination of serum 7\u03b1-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one, a surrogate marker of bile acid synthesis","volume":"1033\u20131034","author":"Len\u00ed\u013fek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography B"},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4347(94)00410-7","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of phytosterols (campesterol and \u03b2-sitosterol) and 7-ketocholesterol in human lipoproteins by capillary column gas chromatography","volume":"663","author":"Dyer","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography B: Biomedical Sciences and Applications"},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2009.074567","article-title":"A homozygous nonsense mutation (c.214C-&gt;A) in the biliverdin reductase alpha gene (BLVRA) results in accumulation of biliverdin during episodes of cholestasis","volume":"48","author":"Nytofte","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2010.08.045","article-title":"Quantification of the 15 major human bile acids and their precursor 7\u03b1-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one in serum by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"878","author":"Steiner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Chromatography B"},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.742822","article-title":"Modulation of cystatin C in human macrophages improves anti-mycobacterial immune responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and coinfection with HIV","volume":"12","author":"Pires","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.1322","article-title":"Universal sample preparation method for proteome analysis","volume":"6","author":"Wi\u015bniewski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1021\/pr400183v","article-title":"Suppression of peptide sample losses in autosampler vials","volume":"12","author":"Stejskal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-019-0638-x","article-title":"DIA-NN: neural networks and interference correction enable deep proteome coverage in high throughput","volume":"17","author":"Demichev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D442","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1106","article-title":"The PRIDE database and related tools and resources in 2019: improving support for quantification data","volume":"47","author":"Perez-Riverol","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D638","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1000","article-title":"The STRING database in 2023: protein-protein association networks and functional enrichment analyses for any sequenced genome of interest","volume":"51","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4985","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v18.i36.4985","article-title":"Novel insight into mechanisms of cholestatic liver injury","volume":"18","author":"Woolbright","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-13-0503","article-title":"Cocarcinogenic effects of intrahepatic bile acid accumulation in cholangiocarcinoma development","volume":"12","author":"Lozano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Res."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007021710825","article-title":"Glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDC) induced hepatocyte apoptosis is associated with early modulation of intracellular PKC activity","volume":"207","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2448","article-title":"Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation","volume":"8","author":"Mosser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6425","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.26429","article-title":"Macrophage plasticity, polarization, and function in health and disease","volume":"233","author":"Shapouri-Moghaddam","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.356","article-title":"TAMeless traitors: macrophages in cancer progression and metastasis","volume":"117","author":"Aras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.217","article-title":"Tumour-associated macrophages as treatment targets in oncology","volume":"14","author":"Mantovani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2997-3","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages: a short compendium","volume":"76","author":"Prenen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2011.04753.x","article-title":"Review article: colorectal neoplasia in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"34","author":"Torres","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.046615","article-title":"PSC-IBD: a unique form of inflammatory bowel disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"54","author":"Loftus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C33","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis-inflammatory bowel disease: Epidemiology, mortality, and impact of diagnostic sequence","volume":"7","author":"Leung","year":"2025","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2270","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.22938","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with a distinct phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"18","author":"Boonstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjac090","article-title":"Increased risk of non-conventional and invisible dysplasias in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis and inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Crohn\u2019s and Colitis"},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjae096","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease associated with primary sclerosing cholangitis is associated with an altered gut microbiome and bile acid profile","volume":"18","author":"Leibovitzh","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Crohns. Colitis"},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.90780","article-title":"Bile acids initiate cholestatic liver injury by triggering a hepatocyte-specific inflammatory response","volume":"2","author":"Cai","year":"2017","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djz166","article-title":"Prediagnostic Plasma Bile Acid Levels and Colon Cancer Risk: A Prospective Study","volume":"112","author":"K\u00fchn","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2022.155891","article-title":"Interleukin-33 (IL-33): a critical review of its biology and the mechanisms involved in its release as a potent extracellular cytokine","volume":"156","author":"Cayrol","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2018.01.036","article-title":"Interleukin-8 favors pro-inflammatory activity of human monocytes\/macrophages","volume":"56","author":"Meniailo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14709","article-title":"The blockade of interleukin-33 released by hepatectomy would be a promising treatment option for cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"112","author":"Nagaoka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-024-05922-0","article-title":"Conjugated bile acids alleviate acute pancreatitis through inhibition of TGR5 and NLRP3 mediated inflammation","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.12.018","article-title":"Developments in bile salt based therapies: a critical overview","volume":"161","author":"Donkers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30509","article-title":"The Nonsteroidal Farnesoid X Receptor Agonist Cilofexor (GS-9674) Improves Markers of Cholestasis and Liver Injury in Patients With Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis","volume":"70","author":"Trauner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C45","article-title":"Potent suppression of hydrophobic bile acids by aldafermin, an FGF19 analogue, across metabolic and cholestatic liver diseases","volume":"3","author":"Sanyal","year":"2021","journal-title":"JHEP Rep."},{"key":"2025062706414650000_CS-2025-6078C46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2020.02.033","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, phase II study of obeticholic acid for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"73","author":"Kowdley","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."}],"container-title":["Clinical Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/clinsci\/article-pdf\/138\/12\/703\/974018\/cs-2025-6078.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/clinsci\/article-pdf\/138\/12\/703\/974018\/cs-2025-6078.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,27]],"date-time":"2025-06-27T10:41:57Z","timestamp":1751020917000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/portlandpress.com\/clinsci\/article\/139\/12\/703\/236163\/Primary-bile-acid-shapes-peripheral-immunity-in"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/cs20256078","relation":{},"ISSN":["0143-5221","1470-8736"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0143-5221","type":"print"},{"value":"1470-8736","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}}}