{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:07:21Z","timestamp":1789574841741,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"24","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766448000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Klebsiella pneumoniae is a major pathogen responsible for severe pulmonary infections, yet the early mechanisms of infection remain incompletely understood. This study investigates the role of exosomes derived from K. pneumoniae in polarizing macrophages to the M1 phenotype, thereby facilitating early lung infections. Utilizing single-cell Raman spectroscopy, we rapidly detected K. pneumoniae within host cells and observed significant lipid expression changes. Metabolomic analysis of exosomes from infected epithelial cells uncovered an elevation of phosphatidylcholine, which disrupted endothelial tight junctions and promoted M1 macrophage recruitment and polarization. This process activated the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway, increasing inflammatory responses and attracting neutrophils. Our findings, validated in infected tissue models, suggest that these exosomal mechanisms significantly contribute to the early stages of pulmonary infection by K. pneumoniae. This study offers crucial insights into potential therapeutic targets for controlling K. pneumoniae infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20256616","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]],"date-time":"2025-12-23T14:04:28Z","timestamp":1766498668000},"page":"1691-1707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Exosome-mediated modulation of macrophage polarization and inflammation in early\n                    <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/i>\n                    lung infections"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"139","author":[{"given":"Ziyu","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Children\u2019s Medical Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China"},{"name":"2Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Surgery Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4HOOKE Instruments Ltd., Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shouyue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Children\u2019s Medical Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Children\u2019s Medical Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1395-8552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Children\u2019s Medical Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025122309042319500_CS-2025-6616C1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000688","article-title":"Host defense against Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia is augmented by lung-derived mesenchymal stem cells","volume":"207","author":"Rangasamy","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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