{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:56:24Z","timestamp":1792173384426,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"23","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000288","name":"Royal Society","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["DHF\\R1\\221051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DHF\\R1\\221051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000288","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000833","name":"Rosetrees Trust","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["PGL23\/100074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PGL23\/100074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000833","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000274","name":"British Heart Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["RG\/17\/12\/33167"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RG\/17\/12\/33167"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Medical Research Council","award":["MRC_MC_UU_00014\/4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MRC_MC_UU_00014\/4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Obesity has been described by the WHO as the largest health threat facing mankind. More than 55% of pregnancies in the United Kingdom occur in women who are overweight or living with obesity. Obesity in pregnancy increases the risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), a condition that affects one in seven pregnancies globally and is associated with short- and long-term risks for both mother and baby. Therefore, optimising treatment to effectively treat both obesity and GDM in the perinatal period could have wide-ranging benefits for mother and child. Stabilised analogues of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have revolutionised the treatment of metabolic disease and obesity as they promote weight loss and lower blood glucose. However, the wider action of these analogues, especially in the context of pregnancy, is underexplored. In the United States, the number of young female users of GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP1RAs), such as Ozempic (semaglutide), increased 659% between 2020 and 2023. Ozempic is not currently licensed for use in pregnancy; however, increased semaglutide use in women of reproductive age has resulted in a rise in \u2018Ozempic babies\u2019, when women have unplanned pregnancies while using semaglutide. The potential for GLP1RA use prior to or during pregnancy to limit the transmission of obesity risk between mothers with obesity and their offspring by lowering maternal body weight or correcting maternal glycemia has not been explored. Rodent studies suggest that GLP1RA administration to the dam in pregnancy alters fetal growth, and GLP1RA administration directly to neonates alters development of the hypothalamus. However, recent emerging case reports of human pregnancies where exposure to GLP1RAs has occurred through unplanned pregnancies suggest no harm to the fetus. Given both the potential for GLP1RAs to improve health outcomes in pregnant women with obesity and GDM, and the rapidly rising incidence of fetal exposure, we review the current literature base on the effects of semaglutide use in pregnancy on maternal and offspring health and explore potential broader impacts of use of these agents during the perinatal period based on their known site of action.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/cs20258493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T18:23:06Z","timestamp":1765218186000},"page":"1597-1610","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Incretin receptor agonism during pregnancy: implications for mother and baby"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"139","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0804-074X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Dearden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8753-5144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susan E.","family":"Ozanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K."},{"name":"2MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, U.K."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025121008061645500_CS-2025-8493C1","unstructured":"England, N\n          . 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Gynecol."},{"key":"2025121008061645500_CS-2025-8493C11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15661","article-title":"Impact of maternal body mass index and gestational weight gain on pregnancy complications: an individual participant data meta-analysis of european, north american and australian cohorts","volume":"126","author":"Santos","year":"2019","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"2025121008061645500_CS-2025-8493C12","article-title":"Precision gestational diabetes treatment: a systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"3","author":"Benham","year":"2023","journal-title":"Commun. Med. (Lond)"},{"key":"2025121008061645500_CS-2025-8493C13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-024-01113-9","article-title":"GLP-1 physiology in obesity and development of incretin-based drugs for chronic weight management","volume":"6","author":"Holst","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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Sin."},{"key":"2025121008061645500_CS-2025-8493C37","first-page":"1469","article-title":"The effect of oral antidiabetic drugs on improving the endocrine and metabolic states in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"82","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drugs (Abingdon Engl)"},{"key":"2025121008061645500_CS-2025-8493C38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-023-01500-5","article-title":"Effects of GLP1RAs on pregnancy rate and menstrual cyclicity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a meta-analysis and systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Endocr. 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Prescribing Information Semaglutide, 0.5mg, 1.0g, 2.0mg. https:\/\/www.ozempic.com\/prescribing-information.html2025"},{"key":"2025121008061645500_CS-2025-8493C44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4256","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-133454","article-title":"Ciliary neurotrophic factor recruitment of glucagon-like peptide-1 mediates neurogenesis, allowing immortalization of adult murine hypothalamic neurons","volume":"23","author":"Belsham","year":"2009","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"2025121008061645500_CS-2025-8493C45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22565","article-title":"Novel GLP-1 mimetics developed to treat type 2 diabetes promote progenitor cell proliferation in the brain","volume":"89","author":"Hamilton","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. 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Pregnancy outcome and liraglutide levels in serum and umbilical vein blood of a woman with type 2 diabetes, pp. 70\u201372"},{"key":"2025121008061645500_CS-2025-8493C52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-022-01954-4","article-title":"A case report on use of dulaglutide during the first weeks of pregnancy in woman affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"60","author":"Burlina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"2025121008061645500_CS-2025-8493C53","article-title":"A case report of a pregnant woman with type 2 diabetes mellitus using dulaglutide during the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"15","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2025121008061645500_CS-2025-8493C54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/TEN.0b013e3181a5875e","article-title":"Exenatide use during pregnancy","volume":"19","author":"Williams","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocrinologist"},{"key":"2025121008061645500_CS-2025-8493C55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-024-02331-z","article-title":"Use of dulaglutide in a pregnant woman with type 2 diabetes until third trimester of pregnancy","volume":"61","author":"Molteni","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"2025121008061645500_CS-2025-8493C56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.2174\/0118715303252109231023115112","article-title":"Case series: exposure to glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist in the first trimester of pregnancy in two siblings","volume":"24","author":"Do\u011fan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr. 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