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Men present a higher risk of developing colitis than women and a higher risk of developing colorectal cancer, a common complication of this condition. However, fluctuations of estrogen levels have yielded inconsistent data, where oral contraceptives and hormone replacement therapy have been associated with an increased risk of IBDs in premenopausal women but significantly reduce disease activity after menopause. Likewise, improvement of symptoms related to CD has been reported during pregnancy, but not in UC, who often experience worsening symptoms. In the colonic epithelium, estrogen receptor \u03b2 (ER\u03b2) is the predominant form of the protein expressed, and it helps maintain normal epithelial function and organization. Preclinical data suggest that ER expression and activation via estrogen confers different responses on disease severity depending on the model used to induce colitis, which may reflect what is observed in patients with IBDs. Hence, this review aims to provide an overview of estrogen and its receptors, particularly ER\u03b2, in the pathophysiology of IBDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/ebc20210010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,3]],"date-time":"2021-08-03T07:31:18Z","timestamp":1627975878000},"page":"1003-1013","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Estrogen receptor actions in colitis"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"65","author":[{"given":"Erika\u00a0L.","family":"Garcia-Villatoro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4884-841X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clinton\u00a0D.","family":"Allred","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021112618230690300_B1","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease prevalence (IBD) in the United States","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2020"},{"key":"2021112618230690300_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3608","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial cells: regulators of barrier function and immune homeostasis","volume":"14","author":"Peterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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