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Two enantiomer forms, L-2HG and D-2HG, arise from independent pathways starting from the precursor \u03b1-ketoglutarate (\u03b1KG). L-2HG production occurs through the promiscuous activities of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) under acidic and\/or hypoxic conditions. D-2HG frequently accumulates by gain-of-function mutations in the genes encoding two isoforms of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH1 and IDH2). Cognate metabolite repair enzymes, L- and D-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenases, oxidize the enantiomers and cause abnormally high 2HG accumulation and disease when mutated. Elevated levels of either oncometabolite affect redox homeostasis, metabolism, and immune system functioning. Moreover, the oncometabolites inhibit several \u03b1-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases resulting in epigenetic changes such as DNA and histone hypermethylation as well as deficiencies in DNA repair. L-2HG, and D-2HG in some cases, inhibit degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF1\u03b1), a transcription factor that alters gene expression to adapt to hypoxic conditions, favoring tumorigenesis. Patients with the rare disease 2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria (2HGA) have exceedingly high levels of 2HG, which is neurotoxic, causing developmental delays and brain abnormalities. D-2HG also has specific effects on collagen production and NADPH pools. Recently, D-2HG has been targeted in new chemotherapies aimed at disrupting the gain-of-function IDH1 and IDH2 mutants, resulting in successful clinical trials for several cancers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/ebc20230077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T07:49:26Z","timestamp":1719388166000},"page":"161-171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Roles of the oncometabolite enantiomers of 2-hydroxyglutarate and their metabolism by diverse dehydrogenases"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8521-1539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivelitza","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Department of Chemistry, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Cornely","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Providence College, Providence, RI, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celeste\u00a0N.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3Department of Biology, Suffolk University, Boston, MA, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie\u00a0B.","family":"Berkmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry, Environment, and Physics, Suffolk University, Boston, MA, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2024100314072532700_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2014.02.009","article-title":"Mitochondrial 2-hydroxyglutarate metabolism","volume":"19","author":"Engqvist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"2024100314072532700_B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trecan.2017.12.005","article-title":"Metabolism, activity, and targeting of D- and L-2-hydroxyglutarates","volume":"4","author":"Ye","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Cancer"},{"key":"2024100314072532700_B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrestox.1c00254","article-title":"Beyond isocitrate dehydrogenase mutations: emerging mechanisms for the accumulation of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate","volume":"35","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chem. 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