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However, forests worldwide are increasingly threatened by interacting biotic and abiotic stressors, including pathogens, insect pests, drought, heat, and extreme weather events driven by climate change. Drought and heat stress trigger complex physiological and metabolic responses in trees that can reshape their resistance to pathogens. While moderate stress may activate protective mechanisms, severe stress can cause cellular damage, dehydration, and reactive oxygen species accumulation, weakening defense capacity. Emerging evidence highlights additional layers of regulation, including epigenetic mechanisms and the role of beneficial microbiomes in enhancing tree resilience under combined environmental and pathogen pressures. Breeding and genetic improvement are also essential for strengthening adaptation and resistance to emerging diseases. Although advances in forest genetics, long-term field studies, and tree genomics are improving our predictive capacity, major knowledge gaps remain. Addressing how forest trees respond to pathogens under climate change will require multidisciplinary approaches integrating molecular biology, multiomics, big data analytics, remote sensing, ecology, and climate modelling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/ebc20250054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T08:42:51Z","timestamp":1784796171000},"page":"71-86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Forest tree\u2013pathogen interactions under climate change"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0223-7194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fred\u00a0O.","family":"Asiegbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4045-2450","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenjing","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1321-7247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenzi","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1573-7166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guiyang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Walnut Engineering Technology Research Center of Shaanxi Province, College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture & Forestry University, Yangling, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8982-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abiodun","family":"Azeez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3819-1707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yilin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4097-0032","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziwen","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9388-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zilan","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5205-7346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"3College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3423-9090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Chano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4Department of Forest Genetics and Forest Tree Breeding, University of Gottingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"2026073006171545600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ecolsys-110512-135914","article-title":"The structure, distribution, and biomass of the world\u2019s forests","volume":"44","author":"Pan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. 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