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The virus is maintained in two ecologically and evolutionary distinct transmission cycles: an enzootic, sylvatic cycle, where the virus circulates between arboreal Aedes species mosquitoes and non-human primates, and a human or urban cycle, between humans and anthropophilic Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. While the urban transmission cycle has been eradicated by a highly efficacious licensed vaccine, the enzootic transmission cycle is not amenable to control interventions, leading to recurrent epizootics and spillover outbreaks into human populations. The nature of YF transmission dynamics is multifactorial and encompasses a complex system of biotic, abiotic, and anthropogenic factors rendering predictions of emergence highly speculative. The recent outbreaks in Africa and Brazil clearly remind us of the significant impact YF emergence events pose on human and animal health. The magnitude of the Brazilian outbreak and spillover in densely populated areas outside the recommended vaccination coverage areas raised the specter of human \u2014 to \u2014 human transmission and re-establishment of enzootic cycles outside the Amazon basin. Herein, we review the factors that influence the re-emergence potential of YFV in the neotropics and offer insights for a constellation of coordinated approaches to better predict and control future YF emergence events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/etls20200187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T14:23:35Z","timestamp":1606832615000},"page":"411-422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Re-emergence of yellow fever in the neotropics \u2014 quo vadis?"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"4","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9716-6899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livia","family":"Sacchetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4049-4055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Betania P.","family":"Drumond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9948-3078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY 12545, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauricio L.","family":"Nogueira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatological, Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina de S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, S\u00e3o Jos\u00e9 do Rio Preto, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0708-3289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikos","family":"Vasilakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, U.S.A."},{"name":"Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, U.S.A."},{"name":"Center for Tropical Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, U.S.A."},{"name":"Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, U.S.A."},{"name":"Center for Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111608153169700_ETLS-2020-0187CC1","volume-title":"An Account of the Bilious Remitting Fever, as it Appeared in Philadelphia in the Summer and Autumn of the Year 1780. 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