{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:21:25Z","timestamp":1790626885700,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Neurulation is a critical step in early embryonic development, giving rise to the neural tube, the primordium of the central nervous system in amniotes. Understanding this complex, multi-scale, multi-tissue morphogenetic process is essential to provide insights into normal development and the etiology of neural tube defects. Innovations in tissue engineering have fostered the generation of pluripotent stem cell-based in vitro models, including organoids, that are emerging as unique tools for delving into neurulation mechanisms, especially in the context of human development. Each model captures specific aspects of neural tube morphogenesis, from epithelialization to neural tissue elongation, folding and cavitation. In particular, the recent models of human and mouse trunk morphogenesis, such as gastruloids, that form a spinal neural plate-like or neural tube-like structure are opening new avenues to study normal and pathological neurulation. Here, we review the morphogenetic events generating the neural tube in the mammalian embryo and questions that remain unanswered. We discuss the advantages and limitations of existing in vitro models of neurulation and possible future technical developments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/etls20230087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,13]],"date-time":"2023-12-13T07:44:41Z","timestamp":1702453481000},"page":"423-437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Stem cell-derived models of spinal neurulation"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Camil","family":"Mirdass","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"1Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France"},{"name":"2Institut du Fer \u00e0 Moulin, 75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"3Inserm, UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"4Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Science and Engineering Faculty, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Catala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"5Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS) \u2014 Developmental Biology Laboratory, UMR7622 CNRS, INSERM ERL 1156, Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, 9 Quai Saint-Bernard, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mika\u00eblle","family":"Bocel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8044-2498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"St\u00e9phane","family":"Nedelec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"2Institut du Fer \u00e0 Moulin, 75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"3Inserm, UMR-S 1270, 75005 Paris, France"},{"name":"4Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Science and Engineering Faculty, 75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"Ribes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75013 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023121810450533300_ETLS-2023-0087CC1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15007","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.7","article-title":"Spina bifida","volume":"1","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. 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