{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:12:50Z","timestamp":1791288770717,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"Portland Press Ltd.","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,25]],"date-time":"2019-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564012800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":328,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["portlandpress.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,28]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulinum toxin is one of the most potent molecule known to mankind. A neurotoxin, with high affinity for cholinergic synapse, is effectively capable of inhibiting the release of acetylcholine. On the other hand, botulinum toxin is therapeutically used for several musculoskeletal disorders. Although most of the therapeutic effect of botulinum toxin is due to temporary skeletal muscle relaxation (mainly due to inhibition of the acetylcholine release), other effects on the nervous system are also investigated. One of the therapeutically investigated areas of the botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) is the treatment of pain. At present, it is used for several chronic pain diseases, such as myofascial syndrome, headaches, arthritis, and neuropathic pain. Although the effect of botulinum toxin in pain is mainly due to its effect on cholinergic transmission in the somatic and autonomic nervous systems, research suggests that botulinum toxin can also provide benefits related to effects on cholinergic control of cholinergic nociceptive and antinociceptive systems. Furthermore, evidence suggests that botulinum toxin can also affect central nervous system (CNS). In summary, botulinum toxin holds great potential for pain treatments. It may be also useful for the pain treatments where other methods are ineffective with no side effect(s). Further studies will establish the exact analgesic mechanisms, efficacy, and complication of botulinum toxin in chronic pain disorders, and to some extent acute pain disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1042\/ns20180058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,25]],"date-time":"2018-06-25T13:35:52Z","timestamp":1529933752000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Therapeutic use of botulinum toxin in pain treatment"],"prefix":"10.1042","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Raj","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Botulinum Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Dartmouth, MA 02747, U.S.A."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"288","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021111608015772600_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/10001-000","volume-title":"Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals","author":"Darwin","year":"1872"},{"key":"2021111608015772600_B2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Pain: Historical Perspectives. 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